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Preface |
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Chapter 1: |
The Meaning and Significance of Substantial Similarity |
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- § 1:1 : Substantial Similarity As an Element of Copyright Infringement1-1
- § 1:2 : Probative Similarity Distinguished1-5
- § 1:3 : Striking Similarity Distinguished1-8
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Chapter 2: |
Principles of Substantial Similarity |
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- § 2:1 : De Minimis Threshold2-2
- § 2:2 : Similarities Must Be Found in Protected Material2-4
- § 2:3 : Unprotected Material2-5
- § 2:3.1 : Ideas2-5
- § 2:3.2 : Facts2-11
- § 2:3.3 : Scènes à Faire2-12
- § 2:3.4 : Clichés, Slogans, and Other Short Passages2-14
- § 2:3.5 : Uncopyrighted Copyrightable Materials2-17
- § 2:3.6 : Titles2-18
- § 2:3.7 : Quotations and Other Copied Material2-18
- § 2:3.8 : Elements Found in Nature2-19
- § 2:4 : Quantitative–Qualitative Standard2-19
- § 2:5 : Two Kinds of Similarities2-23
- § 2:5.1 : Verbatim Similarities and Paraphrases2-24
- § 2:5.2 : Total Concept and Feel2-29
- § 2:6 : Dissimilarities2-34
- § 2:7 : Intermediate Copying2-37
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Chapter 3: |
Tests for Substantial Similarity |
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- § 3:1 : Ordinary Observer and More Discerning Ordinary Observer3-3
- § 3:1.1 : Second Circuit3-3
- [A] : Ordinary Observer Test3-4
- [B] : More Discerning Ordinary Observer Test3-5
- [C] : The Sliding Scale of Access and Probative Similarity3-7
- [D] : Summary Judgment, Motions to Dismiss, and Preliminary Injunction3-8
- § 3:1.2 : First Circuit3-9
- [A] : Summary Judgment and Preliminary Injunction3-12
- § 3:1.3 : Third Circuit3-12
- [A] : Summary Judgment, Motions to Dismiss, and Preliminary Injunction3-15
- [B] : Special Test for Complex Subjects Including Computer Programs3-16
- § 3:1.4 : Fifth Circuit3-16
- [A] : Summary Judgment, Motions to Dismiss, and Preliminary Injunction3-18
- § 3:1.5 : Seventh Circuit3-18
- [A] : Summary Judgment and Preliminary Injunction3-21
- § 3:2 : Extrinsic/Intrinsic Test3-21
- § 3:2.1 : Ninth Circuit3-21
- [A] : Origin of the Extrinsic/Intrinsic Test3-21
- [B] : Evolution of the Extrinsic/Intrinsic Test3-23
- [C] : Analytic Dissection As Part of the Extrinsic Test3-24
- [D] : Intermediate Steps Between Krofft and Shaw3-25
- [E] : The Role of Access and the Inverse Ratio Rule3-26
- [F] : Summary Judgment Under the Extrinsic/Intrinsic Test3-27
- [G] : Preliminary Injunctions Under the Ninth Circuit Test3-30
- [H] : Difficulties in Applying the Extrinsic/Intrinsic Test3-30
- [I] : Motions to Dismiss3-31
- § 3:2.2 : Fourth Circuit3-31
- [A] : Intended Audience Test3-33
- [B] : Intended Audience in Computer Cases3-35
- [C] : Intended Audience for Works Marketed to Children3-36
- [D] : Intended Audience Versus Ordinary Observer3-38
- [E] : Advantages and Disadvantages of the Intended Audience Test3-38
- [F] : Summary Judgment, Motion to Dismiss, and Preliminary Injunction3-39
- § 3:2.3 : Eighth Circuit3-39
- [A] : Summary Judgment, Motion to Dismiss, and Preliminary Injunction3-40
- § 3:3 : Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison3-41
- § 3:3.1 : Tenth Circuit3-41
- [A] : Summary Judgment and Preliminary Injunction3-44
- § 3:3.2 : Sixth Circuit3-45
- [A] : Summary Judgment, Motion to Dismiss, and Preliminary Injunction3-48
- § 3:3.3 : D.C. Circuit3-49
- [A] : Summary Judgment and Preliminary Injunction3-50
- § 3:4 : Eleventh Circuit3-50
- § 3:4.1 : Summary Judgment and Preliminary Injunction3-53
- § 3:5 : Federal Circuit3-54
- § 3:6 : Preliminary Injunction Standards3-54
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Chapter 4: |
Fictional Literary and Dramatic Works |
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- § 4:1 : Unprotectable Elements4-2
- § 4:2 : Plot and Sequence of Events4-4
- § 4:3 : Dialogue4-8
- § 4:4 : Characters4-9
- § 4:5 : Theme4-10
- § 4:6 : Mood4-11
- § 4:7 : Setting4-11
- § 4:8 : Pace4-12
- § 4:9 : Total Concept and Feel4-12
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Chapter 5: |
Characters |
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- § 5:1 : Character Copyrightability5-1
- § 5:2 : Visual Depictions Versus Descriptions5-3
- § 5:3 : Proper Test for Infringement5-4
- § 5:4 : Abstract Similarities Are Not Sufficient5-6
- § 5:5 : Dissection Is Improper5-8
- § 5:6 : Trivial Similarities Are Not Substantial Similarities5-9
- § 5:7 : Characters May Be Split or Combined5-10
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Chapter 6: |
Nonfiction |
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- § 6:1 : Factual Works Generally6-1
- § 6:2 : Textbooks, Tests, and Other Educational Materials6-4
- § 6:2.1 : Textbooks6-4
- § 6:2.2 : Tests6-5
- § 6:3 : Docudramas and Other Fact-Based Works6-6
- § 6:4 : Television Game Shows and Other Unscripted Programs6-7
- § 6:5 : Reality Television6-9
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Chapter 7: |
Audiovisual Works |
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- § 7:1 : General Principles7-1
- § 7:2 : Similarities Among Story Elements7-3
- § 7:3 : Similarities Among Audiovisual Elements7-5
- § 7:4 : Similarities Among Both Story and Audiovisual Elements7-7
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Chapter 8: |
Computer Programs |
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- § 8:1 : Computer Programs: Literary and Audiovisual Works8-1
- § 8:2 : Infringement of the Literary Work8-2
- § 8:3 : Infringement of the Audiovisual Work8-3
- § 8:4 : Infringement of the Compilation8-3
- § 8:5 : Test for Infringement: Abstraction/Filtration/ Comparison8-6
- § 8:5.1 : Abstraction8-7
- § 8:5.2 : Filtration8-9
- [A] : Distinguishing Between the Process and the Expression of the Process8-10
- [B] : Commands and Sequences: Process or Expression?8-11
- [C] : Idea-Expression Merger8-12
- [D] : Elements Dictated by Efficiency8-13
- [E] : Elements Dictated by Extrinsic Concerns8-14
- [F] : Public Domain and Scènes à Faire8-15
- § 8:5.3 : Comparison8-17
- § 8:6 : Third Circuit’s Whelan Test8-18
- § 8:7 : Ordinary Observer Test and Computer Expert’s Role8-19
- § 8:8 : Intended Audience Test8-21
- § 8:9 : Applying Abstraction/Filtration/Comparison to Other Types of Works8-21
- § 8:10 : Computer Games8-22
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Chapter 9: |
Musical Works and Sound Recordings |
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- § 9:1 : Musical Works9-2
- § 9:1.1 : Lyrics9-3
- § 9:1.2 : Music9-5
- § 9:2 : Sound Recordings9-12
- § 9:3 : Sampling9-13
- § 9:3.1 : Bridgeport Music, Inc. v. Dimension Films9-15
- [A] : The Facts in Bridgeport9-16
- [B] : The District Court Opinion9-17
- [C] : The Sixth Circuit Opinion9-18
- [C][1] : The Reason Substantial Similarity Is Not a Requirement9-18
- [C][2] : The Reason the De Minimis Principle Does Not Apply9-19
- [C][3] : Other Factors Contributing to the Panel’s Decision9-20
- [D] : Analysis9-22
- [D][1] : Case Law9-22
- [D][2] : Statutory Construction9-24
- [D][2][a] : Significant History9-24
- [D][2][b] : The Relevant Provisions of the Copyright Act9-26
- [D][2][b][i] : Section 101 (17 U.S.C. § 101)9-26
- [D][2][b][ii] : Section 102 (17 U.S.C. § 102)9-28
- [D][2][b][iii] : Section 106 (17 U.S.C. § 106)9-31
- [D][2][b][iv] : Section 114 (17 U.S.C. § 114)9-32
- [D][3] : Policy and Other Concerns9-34
- [D][3][a] : Perceived Benefit to the Music Industry9-34
- [D][3][b] : Effect on Creativity9-35
- [D][3][c] : Perceived Benefit to Musicians9-35
- [D][3][d] : Sampler Culpability9-36
- [D][4] : Commentator’s Views9-36
- [D][5] : Fair Use Implications9-37
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Chapter 10: |
Works of Visual Art |
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- § 10:1 : Photographs10-1
- § 10:2 : Illustrations and Paintings10-8
- § 10:3 : Sculpture10-12
- § 10:4 : Jewelry10-14
- § 10:5 : Fabric, Carpet, and Wallcovering Designs10-16
- § 10:5.1 : Overall Appearance10-17
- § 10:5.2 : Individual Shapes and Items10-19
- § 10:5.3 : Layout10-20
- § 10:5.4 : Color10-20
- § 10:5.5 : Selection, Coordination, and Arrangement10-22
- § 10:5.6 : Proper Scrutiny10-24
- § 10:6 : Dolls10-25
- § 10:7 : Stuffed Animals10-30
- § 10:8 : Maps10-34
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Chapter 11: |
Architectural Works |
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- § 11:1 : Generally11-1
- § 11:2 : Treatment of Specific Elements11-6
- § 11:3 : Limits on Protection of Architectural Works11-9
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Chapter 12: |
Choreography |
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Chapter 13: |
Compilations and Collective Works |
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- § 13:1 : Definitions and Parameters of Protection13-1
- § 13:2 : “Narrowed” Substantial Similarity13-3
- § 13:3 : Selection13-4
- § 13:4 : Arrangement13-8
- § 13:5 : Computer Databases13-10
- § 13:6 : Short-Cut Proof13-11
- § 13:7 : Common Defenses13-11
- § 13:8 : Various Types of Compilations13-12
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Chapter 14: |
Works in Different Media and Different Formats |
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Chapter 15: |
Derivative Works |
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- § 15:1 : Definition of Derivative Work15-2
- § 15:2 : Comparison of Accused Work to Derivative Work15-5
- § 15:3 : Comparison of Accused Derivative Work to a Preexisting Work15-6
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Chapter 16: |
Useful Articles |
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Chapter 17: |
Selected Trial Issues |
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- § 17:1 : Expert Opinion17-1
- § 17:2 : Lay Opinion and Audience Reaction17-7
- § 17:3 : Surveys17-8
- § 17:4 : Issue Preclusion17-9
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Chapter 18: |
Appellate Review |
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Chapter 19: |
Appendix A: Works Compared |
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Chapter 20: |
Appendix B: Jury Instructions |
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Chapter 21: |
Table of Cases |
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Chapter 22: |
Defendant-Plaintiff Table |
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Chapter 23: |
Index to Substantial Similarity in Copyright Law |
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