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Chapter 1: |
Introduction |
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- § 1:1 : The Basics1-2
- § 1:1.1 : What Is a Trademark?1-2
- § 1:1.2 : Trademark Versus Service Mark1-3
- § 1:1.3 : Trademark Versus Trade Name1-4
- § 1:1.4 : Certification and Collective Marks1-4
- § 1:1.5 : Relation Between Trademarks and Other Intellectual Property Rights1-6
- [A] : Trademarks and Unfair Competition1-6
- [B] : Patents1-6
- [C] : Copyrights1-7
- [D] : Trademarks, Patents, and Copyrights Compared1-8
- [E] : Use As Essential to Trademark Protection: Use It or Lose It1-8
- § 1:2 : Overview of Trademark Law1-9
- § 1:2.1 : Purpose of Trademarks1-9
- [A] : Identify Origin1-9
- [B] : Quality Assurance1-10
- [C] : Symbols of Goodwill1-11
- § 1:3 : The Legal Framework1-12
- § 1:3.1 : Consumer Protection: The Likelihood of Confusion Standard1-12
- [A] : Kinds of Confusion1-13
- [B] : The Average Purchaser1-13
- § 1:3.2 : Beyond Confusion: Protection of Trademark Owner’s Goodwill from Dilution1-15
- § 1:3.3 : The Equitable Nature of Trademark Rights: Bad Guys Finish Last1-15
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Chapter 2: |
Selecting a Trademark |
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- § 2:1 : Trademark Categories2-2
- § 2:1.1 : Generic2-3
- § 2:1.2 : Descriptive2-5
- [A] : Secondary Meaning2-6
- § 2:1.3 : Deceptive/Misdescriptive2-8
- § 2:1.4 : Suggestive2-8
- § 2:1.5 : Arbitrary and Fanciful2-10
- § 2:2 : Drawing the Line Between Trademark Categories2-11
- § 2:2.1 : Generic Versus Descriptive Marks2-11
- § 2:2.2 : Descriptive Versus Suggestive Marks2-13
- § 2:3 : Personal Names and Geographic Terms As Trademarks2-15
- § 2:3.1 : Personal Names2-16
- [A] : Types of Injunctive Relief2-16
- [B] : Primarily Merely a Surname2-17
- § 2:3.2 : Nicknames: The Public Use Doctrine2-18
- § 2:3.3 : Geographic Terms2-19
- [A] : Primarily Geographically Descriptive Terms2-19
- [B] : Primarily Geographically Deceptively Misdescriptive Terms2-20
- § 2:3.4 : The Fair Use Defense2-21
- § 2:4 : Slogans As Trademarks2-21
- § 2:5 : Letters and Numbers As Trademarks2-23
- § 2:5.1 : Letter Trademarks2-23
- § 2:5.2 : Number Trademarks2-24
- § 2:6 : Foreign Language Terms As Trademarks2-25
- § 2:7 : Designs As Trademarks2-26
- § 2:7.1 : General Rules2-26
- § 2:7.2 : Ornamentation Versus Trademark Significance2-27
- § 2:7.3 : Separate Commercial Impression Versus Mere Background2-28
- § 2:7.4 : Inherently Distinctive Versus Ordinary2-28
- § 2:8 : Book Titles and Characters As Trademarks2-30
- § 2:9 : Song Titles As Trademarks2-30
- § 2:10 : Colors As Trademarks2-30
- § 2:10.1 : Evolution of Color Protection2-30
- § 2:10.2 : The Functionality Defense2-32
- [A] : Types of Functionality2-32
- [B] : Sample Decisions2-33
- § 2:10.3 : A Single Color Cannot Be Inherently Distinctive2-35
- § 2:10.4 : Summary2-36
- § 2:11 : Package Appearance and Product Design (Trade Dress) As Trademarks2-37
- § 2:11.1 : Definition of Trade Dress2-37
- § 2:12 : Sounds As Trademarks2-38
- § 2:13 : Flavors As Trademarks2-38
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Chapter 3: |
Protecting Trade Dress As a Trademark |
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- § 3:1 : Definition of Trade Dress3-2
- § 3:2 : Elements of Proof3-2
- § 3:2.1 : Functionality3-3
- [A] : Utilitarian Functionality3-4
- [B] : Aesthetic Functionality3-9
- [C] : Burden of Proof3-14
- [D] : Incontestability3-15
- [E] : Preemption, Patents, and Product Design3-15
- § 3:2.2 : Inherent Distinctiveness3-19
- [A] : Product Design Protection Prior to Wal-Mart3-19
- [B] : Wal-Mart Enters the Fray3-20
- [C] : The Wal-Mart Rationale3-20
- [D] : Two Pesos Revisited3-20
- [E] : Drawing the Line Between Product Packaging and Product Design3-21
- [F] : Inherently Distinctive Packaging3-22
- § 3:2.3 : Secondary Meaning3-23
- § 3:2.4 : Likelihood of Confusion in the Trade Dress Context3-26
- [A] : Test for Likely Confusion3-26
- [B] : House Mark Defense3-27
- § 3:3 : Conclusion3-31
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Chapter 4: |
Searching a Trademark |
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- § 4:1 : Purpose of Search4-1
- § 4:2 : How and What to Search4-2
- § 4:2.1 : Scope of Search4-2
- § 4:2.2 : Timetable for Search4-3
- § 4:2.3 : Goods to Cover in Search4-3
- § 4:2.4 : Searching Shortcuts4-3
- § 4:3 : Slogans and Descriptive Terms4-4
- § 4:4 : Analyzing a Search4-4
- § 4:4.1 : Availability4-4
- [A] : Spotting Potential Conflicts4-5
- [B] : Overcoming Conflicts4-5
- § 4:4.2 : Protectability4-7
- [A] : Evaluating the Risks4-7
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Chapter 5: |
Using a Trademark |
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- § 5:1 : Establishing Priority5-2
- § 5:1.1 : Public Use Is Essential5-2
- § 5:1.2 : The Effect of Intent to Use on Priority5-4
- § 5:1.3 : The Effect of De Minimis Use on Priority5-7
- § 5:1.4 : Continuous Commercial Use5-8
- § 5:1.5 : Use Required by the Trademark Revision Act of 1988: Token Users Need Not Apply5-9
- § 5:1.6 : Remember the Equities5-11
- § 5:1.7 : Use in Anticipation of Commercial Development: Cat Food Is Cat Food5-11
- § 5:1.8 : Secondary Meaning Required for Priority in Descriptive Marks5-12
- § 5:1.9 : Use Required for Federal Registration Compared with Use Sufficient for Priority5-13
- § 5:1.10 : Summary5-13
- § 5:2 : Proper Trademark Use5-14
- § 5:2.1 : The Basic Rules5-14
- [A] : Trademark to Be Accompanied by Generic Term5-14
- [B] : Setting the Trademark Apart5-14
- [C] : TM and Registration Notices5-15
- [D] : Claims of Exclusivity5-16
- [E] : Trademarks and Grammar5-16
- § 5:2.2 : The Consequence of Improper Use5-17
- § 5:3 : Measuring the Purchaser’s Understanding5-18
- § 5:3.1 : Discounting Purchaser Motivation: The Monopoly Case5-19
- § 5:3.2 : When Purchaser Association Won’t Help: De Facto Secondary Meaning5-21
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Chapter 6: |
Registering a Trademark |
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- § 6:1 : The Benefits of Federal Registration6-2
- § 6:1.1 : The Principal Versus the Supplemental Register6-3
- § 6:1.2 : Federal Versus State Registration6-5
- § 6:2 : Basic Requirements for Federal Registration6-5
- § 6:3 : Procedure for Federal Registration: Overview6-6
- § 6:3.1 : The Trademark Law Treaty Implementation Act, Effective October 30, 19996-6
- § 6:3.2 : Use-Based Application6-6
- § 6:3.3 : Intent-to-Use Application6-7
- [A] : Declaring Your Intentions6-8
- [B] : Making Good on Your Intentions: The Statement of Use6-9
- § 6:4 : The Trademark Application: Form and Content6-11
- § 6:4.1 : Identification of the Applicant6-11
- § 6:4.2 : Description of Goods or Services6-12
- § 6:4.3 : Designation of Class6-12
- § 6:4.4 : Dates of Use6-13
- § 6:4.5 : Specimens6-14
- § 6:4.6 : Drawing of the Mark: Less Is More6-16
- § 6:4.7 : Amendments to the Drawing: Material Alterations Not Permitted6-18
- § 6:4.8 : Verification and Execution by Applicant6-18
- § 6:4.9 : Requirements for Filing Date6-20
- § 6:4.10 : Foreign Applicants6-20
- § 6:4.11 : Electronic Filings6-22
- § 6:4.12 : Summary6-24
- § 6:5 : Overcoming Rejections6-25
- § 6:5.1 : Procedure6-25
- [A] : Time for Responding6-26
- [B] : Final Rejections6-27
- § 6:5.2 : Grounds for Rejection6-28
- § 6:5.3 : Responses to Rejections6-29
- [A] : Telephone Interviews6-29
- [B] : Overcoming Descriptiveness Rejections6-30
- [C] : Overcoming Surname Rejections6-31
- [D] : Claiming Distinctiveness Under Section 2(f)6-32
- [E] : Transfer to Supplemental Register6-33
- [F] : Disclaimers6-34
- [G] : Overcoming Prior Registrations6-36
- § 6:6 : Review of Examiner Decisions6-39
- § 6:6.1 : Review by Appeal to Trademark Trial and Appeal Board6-39
- [A] : Timing6-40
- [B] : Reconsideration and Appeal from Board Decision6-40
- § 6:6.2 : Review by Petition to the Commissioner6-40
- § 6:6.3 : Error in the Examination Process: Restoring Jurisdiction to the Examiner6-41
- § 6:7 : The Madrid Protocol6-42
- § 6:7.1 : Overview6-42
- § 6:7.2 : United States Accession to the Protocol6-43
- § 6:7.3 : Basic Filing Procedures Under the Protocol6-43
- § 6:7.4 : Considerations for U.S. Applicants6-44
- § 6:7.5 : Considerations for Non-U.S. Applicants Filing in the United States6-46
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Chapter 7: |
Maintaining a Registration |
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- § 7:1 : Overview of Maintenance Requirements7-2
- § 7:1.1 : Trademark Electronic Application System (TEAS)7-3
- § 7:1.2 : Meeting the Deadline: The World According to TEAS7-3
- § 7:1.3 : The Importance of Being the Owner7-4
- § 7:2 : The Section 8 Affidavit of Use7-5
- § 7:2.1 : Use in Commerce7-6
- § 7:2.2 : Unlawful Use7-6
- § 7:2.3 : Specimen Showing Current Use7-7
- § 7:2.4 : Deadline for Filing Fifth-Year Section 8 Affidavit of Use7-8
- § 7:2.5 : Fraud7-8
- § 7:2.6 : Summary7-9
- § 7:3 : The Section 15 Affidavit of Incontestability7-10
- § 7:3.1 : Requirements7-10
- § 7:3.2 : The Benefits of Incontestability7-11
- § 7:3.3 : The Shield Becomes a Sword7-12
- § 7:3.4 : How Sharp Is the Incontestable Sword?7-13
- [A] : Equitable Defenses Are Available7-13
- [B] : Incontestability and Trademark Strength7-13
- [C] : Exceptions to Incontestability7-14
- § 7:3.5 : Fraud7-15
- § 7:3.6 : Summary7-16
- § 7:4 : Registration Renewals7-17
- § 7:4.1 : Deadline7-17
- § 7:4.2 : Requirements7-17
- § 7:4.3 : Fraud7-19
- § 7:4.4 : Summary7-19
- § 7:5 : Updating a Registration7-20
- § 7:5.1 : Changes in the Mark7-20
- § 7:5.2 : Changes in the Goods7-21
- § 7:5.3 : Correcting Mistakes: Whose Mistake Was It Anyway?7-22
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Chapter 8: |
Protecting a Trademark from Infringement |
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- § 8:1 : Likelihood of Confusion8-3
- § 8:1.1 : Confusion of Any Kind8-3
- [A] : Initial Interest Confusion8-4
- [B] : Post-Sale Confusion8-5
- § 8:1.2 : Likelihood Means Probable, Not Possible8-6
- § 8:1.3 : Factors to Consider in Determining Likely Confusion8-7
- [A] : The Strength of Plaintiff’s Mark8-8
- [B] : The Degree of Similarities in the Marks8-12
- [C] : Proximity of the Goods8-18
- [D] : Likelihood of Bridging the Gap8-20
- [E] : Defendant’s Intent8-22
- [F] : Evidence of Actual Confusion8-28
- [G] : Purchaser Sophistication8-31
- [H] : Quality of Defendant’s Goods8-33
- § 8:1.4 : Balance of Harm8-34
- § 8:2 : Reverse Confusion: Reversal of Fortune?8-35
- § 8:3 : Counterfeit8-37
- § 8:3.1 : The Trademark Counterfeiting Acts of 1984, 1994, 1996, and 2008: The Noose Draws Tighter8-37
- [A] : Upping the Civil and Criminal Penalties8-37
- [B] : Definitions8-38
- [C] : The Average Purchaser Is Alive and Well8-38
- [D] : Intentional and Knowing Use8-39
- § 8:3.2 : Ex Parte Seizure8-40
- [A] : Material Subject to Seizure8-40
- [B] : Wrongful Seizure8-41
- [C] : Appeal of Seizure Order8-41
- § 8:3.3 : Customs Service Role8-41
- § 8:3.4 : Interpreting the Counterfeit Provisions: Do Not Spare the Rod8-42
- § 8:3.5 : What Is Not a Counterfeit?8-45
- § 8:3.6 : What Is a Counterfeit?8-45
- § 8:3.7 : Construing the Criminal Counterfeiting Act8-48
- § 8:3.8 : Some Tips8-49
- § 8:4 : Contributory Infringement8-50
- § 8:4.1 : Tiffany v. eBay: Too Big to Fail?8-51
- § 8:5 : Vicarious Liability8-55
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Chapter 9: |
The Evolution of Dilution: Survival of the Strongest |
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- § 9:1 : Overview9-2
- § 9:1.1 : What Is Dilution?9-3
- § 9:1.2 : Back to the Future9-3
- § 9:2 : The State Dilution Statutes9-4
- § 9:2.1 : Distinctiveness9-6
- § 9:2.2 : Blurring and Tarnishment9-7
- [A] : Blurring9-8
- [B] : Tarnishment9-9
- § 9:3 : The Movement Toward National Protection9-10
- § 9:4 : The 1996 Federal Trademark Dilution Act (FTDA)9-10
- § 9:4.1 : Dilution Defined9-11
- § 9:4.2 : Elements of a Dilution Cause of Action Under the FTDA9-11
- § 9:4.3 : Dilution by Blurring or Tarnishment9-12
- § 9:5 : The Supreme Court Gets into the Dilution Act9-13
- § 9:5.1 : 2003: Victoria’s Secret: Actual Dilution Is Required Under the FTDA9-13
- § 9:5.2 : 2006: The Supreme Court Bows Out: Likely Dilution Is the Standard Under the TDRA9-14
- § 9:6 : The 2006 Trademark Dilution Revision Act (TDRA)9-14
- § 9:6.1 : Key Provisions9-14
- § 9:6.2 : Statutory Elements9-15
- § 9:6.3 : Likely Dilution Standard9-15
- § 9:6.4 : Famous Mark Requirement9-15
- [A] : The Fame Factors9-16
- [B] : Case Examples9-17
- § 9:6.5 : Inherent or Acquired Distinctiveness9-18
- § 9:6.6 : Blurring As Defined by the TDRA9-19
- § 9:6.7 : The Blurring Factors9-19
- [A] : Degree of Similarity9-20
- [B] : Degree of Inherent or Acquired Distinctiveness9-22
- [C] : Extent of Substantially Exclusive Use9-22
- [D] : Degree of Recognition9-23
- [E] : Intent to Create Association with Famous Mark9-23
- [F] : Actual Association with Famous Mark9-25
- § 9:6.8 : Applying the Blurring Factors9-26
- § 9:6.9 : Tarnishment Under the TDRA9-26
- [A] : Proving Tarnishment9-27
- [B] : Victoria’s Secret and the Burden of Proof9-28
- [C] : Other Tarnishment Cases Under the TDRA9-29
- § 9:6.10 : Protection of Trade Dress Under the TDRA9-30
- § 9:6.11 : Application of Dilution to Action Between Competitors Under the TDRA9-31
- § 9:6.12 : Defenses Under the TDRA9-32
- [A] : Federal Registration9-32
- [B] : Nominative or Descriptive Fair Use9-32
- [C] : Parody and Noncommercial Use9-33
- § 9:6.13 : Remedies Under the TDRA9-36
- § 9:7 : Retroactivity9-37
- § 9:8 : Dilution in Patent and Trademark Office Proceedings9-38
- § 9:9 : Contributory Dilution9-40
- § 9:10 : Conclusion9-41
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Chapter 10: |
Protecting Against False Advertising Claims |
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- § 10:1 : The Statutory Framework10-2
- § 10:2 : Literal Versus Implicit Falsity10-4
- § 10:3 : The Test for Claims Based on Tests10-5
- § 10:4 : Elements of a False Advertising Action10-6
- § 10:4.1 : False or Misleading Claims: The Truth Will Out10-7
- [A] : Claims Found Not False or Misleading10-8
- [B] : Claims Found False or Misleading10-9
- [C] : Claims Made in Commercial Advertising or Promotion10-11
- § 10:4.2 : Deception of a Significant Portion of the Intended Audience10-12
- § 10:4.3 : Materiality10-13
- § 10:4.4 : Use in Commerce10-14
- § 10:4.5 : Likelihood of Injury10-14
- § 10:5 : The Presumption of Irreparable Harm10-15
- § 10:6 : Some Defenses10-15
- § 10:6.1 : The Puffing Defense: Puff the Magic Dragon10-15
- [A] : Puffing Found10-17
- [B] : Puffing Not Found10-17
- § 10:6.2 : FDA Approval10-18
- § 10:6.3 : Statute of Limitations10-18
- § 10:7 : Monetary Relief: Is There Gold at the End of the False Advertising Rainbow?10-19
- § 10:7.1 : Types of Monetary Relief10-19
- § 10:7.2 : Defendant’s Profits: The Requirement of Willfulness10-20
- § 10:7.3 : Plaintiff’s Damages10-22
- [A] : Actual Damages10-22
- [B] : Enhanced Damages10-25
- § 10:7.4 : Court Costs10-26
- § 10:7.5 : Attorneys’ Fees10-26
- § 10:7.6 : Prejudgment Interest10-27
- § 10:8 : Conclusion10-27
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Chapter 11: |
Interacting with the Internet |
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- § 11:1 : Internet Basics for Trademark Owners11-2
- § 11:1.1 : Internet Addresses and Domain Names11-3
- § 11:1.2 : The Internet As a Tool for Advertisers and Tricksters11-5
- [A] : Metatags, Keywords, Sponsored Link Ads, Pop-Up Ads11-5
- [B] : Linking and Phishing11-6
- § 11:1.3 : Types of Websites That Raise Trademark Issues11-7
- § 11:2 : What Is Trademark “Use in Commerce” on the Internet?11-8
- § 11:2.1 : Rescuecom v. Google: Purchase and Sale of Key Words Is Actionable “Use in Commerce”11-8
- [A] : Operation of the Google Search Engine11-9
- [B] : Rescuecom’s Comments on Google’s Arguments11-10
- § 11:3 : Likely Confusion on the Internet11-10
- § 11:3.1 : The Likely Confusion Factors11-10
- § 11:3.2 : The Battles over Keyword Confusion11-11
- § 11:3.3 : Initial Interest Confusion11-14
- § 11:4 : Applying Dilution Principles to Internet Disputes11-16
- § 11:5 : Domain Name Issues11-18
- § 11:5.1 : Acquiring Domain Names11-18
- § 11:5.2 : Domain Names As Trademarks11-18
- § 11:5.3 : Domain Names and Likely Confusion11-19
- [A] : Intuitive Domain Names11-19
- [B] : Postdomain Paths11-20
- § 11:5.4 : Domain Names and Likely Dilution11-20
- § 11:6 : Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP)11-21
- § 11:6.1 : Nature of UDRP Proceedings11-21
- § 11:6.2 : UDRP Procedures11-21
- § 11:6.3 : Remedies Under the UDRP11-22
- § 11:6.4 : Sample UDRP Decisions11-23
- § 11:6.5 : Appeals to the Courts11-23
- § 11:7 : Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act (ACPA)11-24
- § 11:7.1 : Bad Faith Requirement11-25
- § 11:7.2 : Confusion and Dilution Under the ACPA11-27
- § 11:7.3 : Safe Harbor Defense11-28
- § 11:7.4 : In Rem Actions11-28
- § 11:7.5 : Remedies11-30
- § 11:8 : Internet Infringement Defenses11-31
- § 11:8.1 : Descriptive and Nominative Fair Use11-31
- § 11:8.2 : Commentary, Criticism, Parody, and Noncommercial Fair Use11-32
- § 11:9 : Personal Jurisdiction11-34
- § 11:10 : Scope of Relief: When Is the World Wide Web Too Wide?11-37
- § 11:11 : Where Does Responsibility for Infringement Lie?11-38
- § 11:12 : The Internet As a Source of Information and Evidence11-39
- § 11:13 : Conclusion11-41
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Chapter 12: |
Defenses to Infringement |
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- § 12:1 : Disputing Confusion12-3
- § 12:1.1 : Vive la Différence!12-3
- § 12:1.2 : Third-Party Use—or—Everyone Else Is Using It12-4
- § 12:1.3 : Parody12-6
- [A] : Parody Distinguished from Fair Use12-7
- [B] : Parody Policy Considerations12-7
- [C] : Parody Cases Summarized12-8
- [D] : Intent to Amuse Versus Intent to Confuse12-10
- [E] : The First Amendment Trump Card12-11
- § 12:1.4 : First Sale Doctrine12-14
- § 12:2 : Affirmative Defenses12-15
- § 12:2.1 : Laches and Acquiescence12-16
- [A] : The Underlying Policy12-16
- [B] : Elements of the Laches Defense12-16
- [C] : Laches Distinguished from Acquiescence12-22
- [D] : Monetary Versus Injunctive Relief12-24
- [E] : Where Laches Is Not a Bar12-25
- § 12:2.2 : Estoppel12-30
- [A] : Equitable Estoppel12-30
- [B] : Judicial Estoppel12-30
- [C] : Binding Judicial Admissions12-31
- [D] : Collateral Estoppel12-32
- § 12:2.3 : Abandonment12-33
- [A] : The Heavy Burden of Proof12-34
- [B] : Types of Abandonment12-34
- § 12:2.4 : Fair Use12-44
- [A] : The Statutory Standard12-45
- [B] : Sample Decisions12-47
- [C] : Fair Use: Nothing Is Absolute12-49
- [D] : Fair Use Distinguished from Comparative Advertising12-52
- [E] : Nominative Use12-55
- § 12:2.5 : Genericness12-57
- § 12:2.6 : Fraud in the Procurement and Maintenance of Trademark Registrations12-59
- [A] : Heavy Burden of Proof12-59
- [B] : Pleading the Elements of Fraud12-60
- [C] : Fraudulent and Nonfraudulent Conduct Before and After Bose12-63
- [D] : The Consequences of Fraud12-65
- § 12:2.7 : Unclean Hands12-66
- § 12:2.8 : Trademark Misuse12-67
- § 12:2.9 : Violation of Antitrust Laws12-68
- [A] : Direct Relation Between Antitrust Violation and Trademark Required12-69
- [B] : Patents and Trademark Distinguished12-69
- [C] : Bad-Faith Trademark Enforcement: The Noerr-Pennington Doctrine and the “Sham” Exception12-70
- [D] : The Elements of Monopolization and Attempted Monopolization12-71
- [E] : The Relevant Market12-72
- [F] : Conspiracy in Restraint of Trade12-73
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Chapter 13: |
Negotiating a Settlement |
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- § 13:1 : “I’d Rather Switch Than Fight”13-1
- § 13:1.1 : Making Sure Who’s First13-2
- § 13:1.2 : Getting the Facts13-2
- § 13:2 : Creating the Right Atmosphere13-3
- § 13:2.1 : The Honey-Versus-Vinegar Principle13-3
- § 13:2.2 : Telephone Versus Correspondence13-3
- § 13:3 : Common Settlement Arrangements13-3
- § 13:3.1 : Gradual Name Change13-3
- § 13:3.2 : Limitations on Use13-4
- § 13:3.3 : Monetary Settlements13-4
- § 13:3.4 : License Agreements13-5
- § 13:4 : Getting the Client into the Act13-5
- § 13:5 : Leading from Strength13-5
- § 13:5.1 : Settlement During Litigation13-6
- § 13:5.2 : Getting the Court into the Act13-6
- § 13:5.3 : The Insurance Factor13-6
- § 13:6 : Other Alternatives to Litigation: ADR13-8
- § 13:7 : Negotiators Beware13-9
- § 13:8 : Retaining Jurisdiction to Enforce the Settlement Agreement13-10
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Chapter 14: |
Litigating in Court |
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- § 14:1 : Pleading Your Case Under the Supreme Court’s Heightened Standard of Pleading14-3
- § 14:1.1 : Infringement of Federally Registered Mark14-4
- § 14:1.2 : Violation of Section 43(a)14-5
- [A] : Protection of Unregistered Marks14-5
- [B] : False Advertising14-6
- § 14:1.3 : Common-Law Trademark Infringement and Unfair Competition14-8
- § 14:1.4 : Deceptive Trade Practices14-8
- § 14:1.5 : Dilution14-9
- § 14:1.6 : Misappropriation14-10
- § 14:2 : Additional Causes of Action14-11
- § 14:2.1 : Rights of Publicity and Privacy14-12
- § 14:2.2 : Interference with Business Relations14-12
- § 14:2.3 : Interference with Prospective Economic Advantage14-13
- § 14:2.4 : Breach of Contract14-14
- § 14:2.5 : Malicious Interference with Contract14-15
- § 14:2.6 : Disparagement14-16
- § 14:2.7 : Defamation14-16
- § 14:3 : Overlapping Claims14-17
- § 14:4 : Preemption14-18
- § 14:5 : Scope of Injunctive Relief14-18
- § 14:6 : Opening the Courthouse Door: Personal and Subject Matter Jurisdiction14-19
- § 14:6.1 : Subject Matter Jurisdiction14-19
- [A] : Declaratory Judgment Jurisdiction14-19
- [B] : Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Under the Lanham Act14-21
- § 14:6.2 : Personal Jurisdiction14-23
- § 14:7 : Choosing the Forum: Plaintiff’s Choice and Defendant’s Convenience14-24
- § 14:8 : Time Limit for Serving Complaint14-25
- § 14:9 : Researching Your Judge14-26
- § 14:9.1 : Checking the Local Law Journal14-26
- § 14:9.2 : Checking for Biographical Data14-26
- § 14:9.3 : Checking with Local Counsel14-26
- § 14:9.4 : Checking the Judge’s Decisions14-26
- § 14:10 : To Jury or Not to Jury14-26
- § 14:10.1 : Should a Jury Be Requested?14-27
- [A] : Strong Versus Weak Case14-27
- [B] : Big Guy Versus Little Guy14-27
- [C] : The Home Field Advantage14-27
- [D] : The Registration Advantage14-27
- [E] : Time, Money, and Appealability14-27
- § 14:10.2 : Demanding a Jury Trial14-28
- § 14:10.3 : Avoiding a Jury Trial14-28
- § 14:11 : Time Limit for Answering the Complaint14-30
- § 14:12 : Drafting the Answer14-31
- § 14:12.1 : Affirmative Defenses14-31
- § 14:12.2 : Counterclaims14-32
- § 14:13 : Serving Papers: The World According to FRCP14-32
- § 14:14 : Early Pretrial Motions14-33
- § 14:14.1 : Make Them or Waive Them: Lack of Personal Jurisdiction, Insufficient Service, and Improper Venue14-33
- § 14:14.2 : Temporary Restraining Order (TRO)14-34
- § 14:14.3 : Preliminary Injunction14-34
- § 14:14.4 : Expedited Discovery14-35
- § 14:14.5 : Motion to Dismiss14-35
- § 14:14.6 : Motion to Strike14-37
- § 14:14.7 : Motion to Transfer14-37
- § 14:15 : Other Pretrial Motions14-38
- § 14:15.1 : Motion to Bifurcate14-38
- § 14:15.2 : Motion to Produce Attorney’s Opinions14-38
- § 14:15.3 : Motion to Amend the Pleadings14-39
- § 14:15.4 : Summary Judgment14-40
- § 14:15.5 : Motions in Limine14-40
- § 14:16 : Beware the Sanctions of Rule 1114-41
- § 14:16.1 : Rule 11 and the USPTO14-42
- § 14:16.2 : The Rule 11 Motion14-42
- § 14:17 : The Discovery Process14-44
- § 14:17.1 : Initial Disclosure14-45
- § 14:17.2 : Interrogatories14-46
- § 14:17.3 : Depositions14-46
- [A] : Preparing the Deponent14-48
- [B] : “Speaking” Objections: Not Allowed14-50
- § 14:17.4 : Document Requests—Before or After Depositions14-51
- § 14:17.5 : Requests for Admission14-52
- § 14:17.6 : Use of Subpoenas Under Rule 4514-53
- § 14:17.7 : Duty to Supplement Discovery and Preserve Evidence14-54
- § 14:17.8 : Asserting and Maintaining Privileges14-58
- [A] : Attorney-Client Privilege14-58
- [B] : Work-Product Privilege14-61
- [C] : Confidentiality14-63
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Chapter 15: |
Terminating the Litigation Before Trial |
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- § 15:1 : Introduction15-2
- § 15:2 : Preliminary Injunctive Relief15-2
- § 15:2.1 : Preliminary Injunction Standards15-2
- [A] : Irreparable Harm to Plaintiff15-3
- [B] : Likely Success on the Merits15-8
- [C] : Balancing the Harms15-9
- [D] : Plaintiff’s Speed in Seeking Preliminary Relief15-10
- § 15:2.2 : Preliminary Injunction Procedure15-11
- § 15:2.3 : Combining Preliminary Injunction with Trial on the Merits15-11
- § 15:2.4 : Appeal of Preliminary Injunction15-12
- § 15:3 : Summary Judgment15-12
- § 15:3.1 : Purpose of Summary Judgment15-12
- § 15:3.2 : The Modern Trend15-13
- § 15:3.3 : The Supreme Court Boost to Summary Judgment15-14
- § 15:3.4 : The Bottom Line15-16
- § 15:3.5 : Cases Where Summary Judgment Granted and Denied15-16
- [A] : Completeness of Record15-16
- [B] : Laches15-17
- [C] : Fair Use15-17
- [D] : Trademark Validity15-17
- [E] : Trademark Infringement15-19
- [F] : Res Judicata and Collateral Estoppel15-22
- [G] : Dilution15-25
- [H] : Appealability15-26
- § 15:3.6 : 2010 Amended Summary Judgment Rules15-28
- § 15:4 : Offer of Judgment15-28
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Chapter 16: |
Proving the Fundamentals at Trial |
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- § 16:1 : Choosing Your Witnesses and Exhibits16-2
- § 16:2 : Overall Presentation16-3
- § 16:3 : Proving Trademark Ownership16-3
- § 16:4 : Proving Trademark Validity16-4
- § 16:4.1 : Presumption of Validity16-4
- § 16:4.2 : Proving Secondary Meaning16-5
- § 16:5 : Proving Likelihood of Confusion16-7
- § 16:5.1 : Factor: The Strength of the Mark16-7
- § 16:5.2 : Factor: Similarities Between the Marks16-7
- § 16:5.3 : Factor: Proximity and Marketing of the Products16-8
- § 16:5.4 : Factor: Likelihood of Bridging the Gap16-8
- § 16:5.5 : Factor: Defendant’s Bad-Faith Adoption16-9
- § 16:5.6 : Factor: Quality of Defendant’s Products16-9
- § 16:5.7 : Factor: Consumer Sophistication and Care16-9
- § 16:5.8 : Factor: Actual Confusion16-10
- § 16:5.9 : Actual Confusion Evidence and the Hearsay Rule16-10
- § 16:6 : Survey Evidence16-14
- § 16:6.1 : Survey Standards16-15
- [A] : Hiring an Expert16-16
- [B] : The Relevant Universe16-16
- [C] : Sampling the Universe16-17
- [D] : The Questionnaire16-18
- [E] : The Consumer Environment16-21
- [F] : Professional, Unbiased Interviewers16-22
- [G] : Accurate Tabulation, Analysis, and Verification16-23
- § 16:6.2 : Assessing the Survey Results16-23
- § 16:7 : The Use of Expert Testimony16-25
- § 16:7.1 : Admissibility Under the Federal Rules16-25
- § 16:7.2 : The Daubert Criteria16-26
- § 16:7.3 : The Hiring and Care of Expert Witnesses16-29
- § 16:8 : Expert Discovery16-30
- § 16:8.1 : Identification of Experts16-30
- § 16:8.2 : The Expert’s Report16-31
- § 16:8.3 : Expert Depositions16-32
- § 16:8.4 : Supplementing Expert Reports16-32
- § 16:8.5 : The December 2010 Amended Rules16-33
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Chapter 17: |
Enforcing Trademark Rights: Available Remedies |
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- § 17:1 : Introduction17-3
- § 17:2 : Injunctive Relief17-3
- § 17:2.1 : Injunctions Prohibiting Infringing Use17-3
- § 17:2.2 : Product Recall17-6
- § 17:2.3 : Disclaimers of Association17-7
- § 17:2.4 : Corrective Advertising17-9
- § 17:2.5 : Contempt17-10
- § 17:3 : Monetary Relief17-12
- § 17:3.1 : Defendant’s Profits17-14
- § 17:3.2 : Actual Damages17-16
- [A] : Proving the Fact of Damage17-17
- [B] : Measuring Damage17-18
- § 17:3.3 : Trebling Damages17-20
- § 17:3.4 : Statutory Damages in Counterfeit Actions17-21
- [A] : The Range of Counterfeit Statutory Damages17-21
- [B] : The Relation of Counterfeit Statutory Damages to Mandatory Fee Award in Counterfeit Actions17-22
- [C] : Assessing the Amount of Statutory Damages17-23
- § 17:3.5 : Punitive Damages17-26
- § 17:3.6 : Attorneys’ Fees: “Exceptional Cases” and Mandatory Award in Counterfeit Cases17-28
- [A] : Fee Award to Prevailing Party in “Exceptional Cases”17-28
- [B] : Mandatory Fee Award in Counterfeit Cases17-31
- § 17:3.7 : Costs17-34
- § 17:4 : Cancellation of Trademark Registration17-35
- § 17:4.1 : The Statutory Basis17-35
- § 17:4.2 : The Grounds for Cancellation17-36
- § 17:4.3 : The Prerequisite for Court Jurisdiction17-36
- § 17:4.4 : Court Versus Patent and Trademark Office17-36
- § 17:5 : Barring Importation from Abroad17-37
- § 17:5.1 : Recording a Trademark Registration with Customs17-37
- [A] : The Effect of Recordal17-37
- [B] : Recordation Procedure17-38
- [C] : Enlisting the Aid of Customs: Action Beyond Recordation17-39
- [D] : Obtaining Information from Customs17-40
- [E] : Challenging Customs Decisions17-41
- § 17:5.2 : Parallel Imports and Gray-Market Goods17-41
- [A] : Overview17-41
- [B] : Customs Service Exclusion Under Section 52617-43
- [C] : K Mart and the Common-Control Exception17-46
- [D] : The Lever Case and the 1999 Customs Regulations17-49
- [E] : Requesting Lever Rule Protection17-51
- [F] : Close Business Relationship Does Not Equal Common Control17-52
- [G] : Material Differences: Some General Principles17-52
- [H] : Examples of Material Differences17-55
- § 17:5.3 : Proceedings Before the ITC17-56
- [A] : Scope17-56
- [B] : Procedure17-57
- [C] : Pleadings17-59
- [D] : Stay of District Court Action17-59
- [E] : Exclusion Orders17-59
- [F] : Res Judicata Effect of ITC Ruling on District Court17-61
- § 17:6 : Criminal Penalties17-62
- § 17:7 : Declaratory Judgment of Noninfringement17-63
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Chapter 18: |
Appealing the District Court Decision |
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- § 18:1 : What to Do When You Lose18-1
- § 18:1.1 : Can You Negotiate a Settlement More Favorable Than the Decision?18-1
- § 18:1.2 : Can You Seek Reargument or Reconsideration?18-2
- § 18:1.3 : Can You Appeal?18-2
- [A] : Final Orders18-2
- [B] : Nonfinal Orders18-3
- § 18:2 : Issues to Consider Before You Appeal18-4
- § 18:2.1 : Standards on Appeal18-4
- § 18:2.2 : Is an Appeal Enough?18-6
- [A] : Stay of District Court Injunction Pending Appeal18-6
- [B] : Expedited Appeals18-7
- § 18:2.3 : What to Do When Your Opponent Appeals18-8
- § 18:3 : Appeals to the Federal Circuit18-8
- § 18:4 : Timeliness of Raising Arguments18-8
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Chapter 19: |
Patent and Trademark Office Inter Partes Proceedings |
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- § 19:1 : What Are Inter Partes Proceedings?19-3
- § 19:2 : Opposition Proceedings19-4
- § 19:2.1 : Publication in Official Gazette19-4
- § 19:2.2 : Basis for Opposition19-5
- [A] : The “Damage” Requirement for Standing19-5
- [B] : Substantive Grounds for Opposition19-5
- [C] : Improper Grounds19-12
- § 19:2.3 : Defenses to Opposition19-13
- [A] : The Requirement Regarding Counterclaims19-13
- [B] : Laches, Acquiescence, and Estoppel19-14
- [C] : Applicant’s Prior Registration of Similar Mark for Similar Goods19-15
- § 19:3 : Procedure in Inter Partes Patent and Trademark Office Proceedings19-16
- § 19:3.1 : Evidentiary Presumptions and Rules19-16
- § 19:3.2 : The Pleadings19-20
- § 19:3.3 : The Discovery Phase19-22
- § 19:3.4 : Motion Practice19-29
- § 19:3.5 : Suspension of Proceedings19-30
- § 19:3.6 : Summary Judgment19-31
- § 19:3.7 : Pretrial Disclosures and Trial Testimony19-32
- § 19:3.8 : Briefs and Oral Hearings19-35
- § 19:3.9 : Reconsideration and Appeal19-36
- § 19:4 : Cancellation Proceedings19-36
- § 19:4.1 : Procedure19-36
- § 19:4.2 : Burden of Proof19-37
- § 19:4.3 : The All-or-Nothing Rule No Longer Applies19-37
- § 19:4.4 : The “Damage” Requirement for Standing19-38
- § 19:4.5 : Grounds for Cancellation19-38
- [A] : Before Five-Year Limit19-38
- [B] : After Five-Year Limit19-39
- [C] : Defenses19-42
- § 19:4.6 : Cancellation of a Supplemental Registration19-42
- [A] : Procedure and Standing19-42
- [B] : Grounds for Cancellation19-42
- § 19:5 : Concurrent-Use Proceedings19-43
- § 19:5.1 : Conditions for Concurrent-Use Registration19-44
- § 19:5.2 : Initiation of Proceedings19-44
- § 19:5.3 : General Rules19-45
- [A] : Nationwide Registration Accorded to the First User19-45
- [B] : Agreements Between the Parties Normally Accepted As Reasonable Trade Area Division19-46
- [C] : Allowing Second User’s Good-Faith Expansion Vis-à-Vis Static First User19-46
- [D] : Remember the Equities19-46
- § 19:6 : Interference Proceedings19-47
- § 19:6.1 : The Issue of Priority19-47
- § 19:6.2 : The Requirement of Extraordinary Circumstances19-47
- § 19:6.3 : Procedure19-47
- § 19:7 : Review of Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Decisions19-48
- § 19:7.1 : Two Routes of Review19-48
- § 19:7.2 : Trial De Novo in the District Court Versus Appeal19-49
- § 19:7.3 : Effect of the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Decision19-49
- [A] : Legal Standards of Review19-50
- [B] : The Availability of New Evidence19-50
- [C] : Location for District Court Trial19-51
- [D] : Remember the Equities19-51
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Chapter 20: |
Licensing a Trademark |
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- § 20:1 : Introduction20-1
- § 20:2 : The Requirement of Quality Control20-2
- § 20:3 : The Consequences of Failure to Control Quality20-2
- § 20:4 : The Heavy Burden of Proof20-3
- § 20:5 : Methods of Quality Control20-4
- § 20:5.1 : Written Contract20-5
- § 20:5.2 : Oral Contract20-7
- § 20:5.3 : Control in Absence of Contract20-7
- § 20:5.4 : Control by Reasonable Reliance on Licensee20-8
- § 20:5.5 : Appointment of Quality Control Agent20-9
- § 20:5.6 : Too Much of a Good Thing20-9
- § 20:6 : Patent and Trademark Office Procedure Regarding Licensing20-10
- § 20:6.1 : Use by Related Company20-10
- § 20:6.2 : Disclosure of Related Company Use in Application20-10
- § 20:6.3 : Related Registrants: The Wella Soap Opera20-11
- § 20:7 : Licensee Estoppel20-12
- § 20:8 : Licensing and Product Liability20-14
- § 20:9 : Licensing and Antitrust Liability20-14
- § 20:10 : Bankrupt Trademark Owner’s Ability to Terminate Trademark License20-14
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Chapter 21: |
Assigning a Trademark |
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- § 21:1 : Introduction21-1
- § 21:2 : Methods of Assignment21-2
- § 21:3 : Requirement for Valid Assignment21-2
- § 21:3.1 : The Transfer of Goodwill21-2
- § 21:3.2 : The Indicia of Goodwill21-3
- [A] : The Transfer of Tangible Assets21-3
- [B] : The Similarity Between the Assignor’s and Assignee’s Goods21-4
- [C] : Assignor’s Retention of Business21-5
- § 21:4 : Consequences of Invalid Assignment21-6
- § 21:5 : Assignments of Intent-to-Use Applications21-6
- § 21:6 : Assignment Provisions21-7
- § 21:7 : Recording Assignment with Patent and Trademark Office21-8
- § 21:8 : Special Situations21-8
- § 21:8.1 : Assignment of Trademark As Security Interest21-9
- § 21:8.2 : Assignments in Bankruptcy21-10
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Chapter 22: |
Expanding Trademark Rights |
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- § 22:1 : Introduction22-2
- § 22:2 : Territorial Expansion22-2
- § 22:2.1 : Remote-Area Good-Faith Adoption22-2
- [A] : Common Law Rule22-2
- [B] : Beating the Remote-Area Defense22-3
- [C] : If You Can’t Beat It, Limit It22-5
- § 22:2.2 : Remote-Area Second User’s Adoption After Issuance of Federal Registration22-5
- [A] : Constructive Notice Provision of the Lanham Act22-5
- [B] : The Dawn Donut Rule22-5
- [C] : The Hole in the Donut22-6
- § 22:2.3 : Remote-Area Second User’s Adoption Before First User Obtains Federal Registration22-6
- [A] : Defense to Incontestable Registration22-6
- [B] : Defense to Contestable Registration22-9
- § 22:2.4 : Remote-Area Second User First to Obtain Registration22-9
- § 22:3 : Product Expansion22-10
- § 22:4 : Expanding Trademark Rights from Outside the United States: The “Well-Known” or “Famous” Mark Exception to the Territoriality Principle22-12
- § 22:4.1 : Is There a Well-Known-Mark Exception to the Territoriality Principle Under Federal Law?22-12
- [A] : Split Between Ninth and Second Circuits: West Is West and East Is East22-13
- § 22:4.2 : Protection Under State Unfair Competition Law: Fair or Unfair?22-15
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Chapter 23: |
Appendix 1: Trademark Fees |
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Chapter 24: |
Appendix 2: Trademark/Servicemark Application Based on Use |
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Chapter 25: |
Appendix 3: Trademark/Servicemark Application Based on Intent to Use |
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Chapter 26: |
Appendix 4: Trademark/Servicemark Application Based on Foreign Registration |
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Chapter 27: |
Appendix 5: Trademark/Servicemark Application Based on Foreign Application |
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Chapter 28: |
Appendix 6: Amendment to Allege Use/Statement of Use |
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Chapter 29: |
Appendix 7: First Request for Extension to File Statement of Use |
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Chapter 30: |
Appendix 8: Declaration of Use |
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Chapter 31: |
Appendix 9: Declaration of Use and Incontestability |
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Chapter 32: |
Appendix 10: Extension to File Notice of Opposition |
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Chapter 33: |
Appendix 11: Extension to File Notice of Opposition with Consent |
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Chapter 34: |
Appendix 12: Combined Declaration of Use in Commerce/Application for Renewal of Registration of Mark Under Sections 8 and 9 |
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Chapter 35: |
Appendix 13: Trademark Assignment |
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Chapter 36: |
Appendix 14: Designation of Domestic Representative |
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Chapter 37: |
Appendix 15: Certificates for Communication with the PTO |
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Chapter 38: |
Appendix 16: TTAB Standard Protective Order |
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Chapter 39: |
Appendix 17: States with Dilution Statutes |
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Chapter 40: |
Appendix 18: Illustrations |
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Chapter 41: |
Appendix 19: Design Marks Found Confusingly Similar/Design Marks Found Not Confusingly Similar |
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Chapter 42: |
Appendix 20: Factors Under the ACPA for Determining Bad Faith Intent to Profit |
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Chapter 43: |
Appendix 21: Trademark Dilution Revision Act (Enacted October 6, 2006) |
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Chapter 44: |
Table of Authorities |
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Chapter 45: |
Index to Kane on Trademark Law |
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