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Introduction |
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Chapter 1: |
The Basic Immigration Structure |
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- § 1:1 : Introduction1-1
- § 1:2 : Congressional and Executive Authority over Immigration1-3
- § 1:3 : Immigration and Nationality Act of 19521-5
- § 1:3.1 : Immigration Reform and Control Act of 19861-6
- § 1:3.2 : Immigration Act of 19901-8
- § 1:3.3 : Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA)1-11
- § 1:3.4 : The USA PATRIOT Act and the Homeland Security Act1-13
- § 1:3.5 : Comprehensive Immigration Reform Proposals1-16
- § 1:3.6 : State Immigration Legislation1-20
- § 1:4 : The Governmental Structure1-22
- § 1:5 : Basic Terminology and Key Concepts1-28
- § 1:5.1 : Aliens, Natives, Nationals, and Citizens1-28
- § 1:5.2 : Admission and Removal1-29
- § 1:5.3 : Nonimmigrants, Temporariness, and Residence1-34
- § 1:5.4 : Permanent Resident Status1-36
- § 1:6 : The Immigration Selection System1-37
- § 1:7 : Source Material on Immigration Law and Practice1-43
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Chapter 2: |
Employment-Based Immigration |
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- § 2:1 : Introduction2-3
- § 2:1.1 : Overview of the Employment-Based Preference Structure2-4
- § 2:1.2 : Summary of Procedures2-7
- § 2:2 : Labor Certification for the Second and Third Preferences2-10
- § 2:2.1 : The Job Offer2-11
- [A] : Bona Fide Job Opportunity2-11
- [B] : Full-Time, Permanent Employment in the United States2-12
- [C] : Ban on Payments by Foreign National2-14
- § 2:2.2 : Job Description and Requirements2-15
- [A] : Reviewing DOL Occupational Information2-16
- [B] : Excessive and Unduly Restrictive Requirements2-19
- [C] : Alternative Job Requirements2-22
- [D] : Actual Minimum Requirements2-24
- § 2:2.3 : Wage Offer2-25
- § 2:2.4 : Standard Pre-Filing Recruitment Under PERM2-30
- [A] : Print Ads2-30
- [B] : Additional Recruitment for Professional Positions2-32
- [C] : Notice of Filing2-34
- [D] : The Job Order2-36
- [E] : Consideration of Workers Recently Laid Off2-36
- [F] : Consideration of Applicants Responding to Recruitment Efforts2-37
- § 2:2.5 : Filing of the Application and Preparation of the Audit File2-42
- [A] : Preparation of the Application2-42
- [B] : Filing the Application2-44
- [C] : The Audit File2-46
- § 2:2.6 : DOL Processing of the Application2-49
- [A] : Initial Processing2-49
- [B] : Approval of the Application2-50
- [C] : Issues Arising While Application Pending2-50
- [D] : Audits and Supervised Recruitment2-52
- [E] : Denials, Appeals, and Revocations2-57
- § 2:2.7 : Post-Certification Issues2-62
- [A] : Validity Period of Certified Application2-62
- [B] : Amendments and New Filings After Certification2-63
- § 2:2.8 : Special Cases2-65
- [A] : Schedule A Precertification2-65
- [B] : Household Workers2-68
- [C] : Special Handling Cases2-69
- § 2:3 : The First Employment-Based Preference for Priority Workers2-71
- § 2:3.1 : Aliens with Extraordinary Ability2-71
- § 2:3.2 : Outstanding Professors and Researchers2-79
- § 2:3.3 : International Executives and Managers2-82
- § 2:4 : Second Employment-Based Category for Exceptional-Ability Aliens and Advanced-Degree Professionals2-86
- § 2:4.1 : Aliens with Exceptional Ability2-87
- § 2:4.2 : Advanced-Degree Professionals2-89
- § 2:4.3 : National Interest Waivers2-94
- [A] : NYDOT Decision2-94
- [B] : Post-NYDOT Decisions2-95
- [C] : Physicians Seeking National Interest Waivers2-100
- [D] : NIWs for Foreign Entrepreneurs2-104
- § 2:4.4 : Certification for Healthcare Workers2-105
- § 2:5 : Third Employment-Based Preference for Skilled Workers, Professionals, and Other Workers2-108
- § 2:5.1 : Professionals2-108
- § 2:5.2 : Skilled Workers2-112
- § 2:5.3 : Other Workers2-113
- § 2:6 : Issues and Procedures Common to the First Three Employment-Based Preferences2-114
- § 2:6.1 : Common Issues2-114
- [A] : Beneficiary’s Qualifications2-114
- [B] : Employer’s Ability to Pay Wage2-115
- [C] : Intent to Undertake Employment2-116
- § 2:6.2 : Filing Procedures and Government Processing2-116
- [A] : Petition Procedures2-116
- [B] : USCIS Processing2-119
- [C] : Post-Filing Issues2-121
- § 2:7 : Fourth Employment-Based Preference for Special Immigrants2-130
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- [A] : Religious Workers2-130
- [B] : Other Special Immigrants2-134
- § 2:8 : Fifth Employment-Based Preference for Immigrant Investors2-135
- § 2:8.1 : Substantive Requirements2-135
- [A] : Generally2-135
- [B] : At-Risk Investment of Capital2-137
- [C] : New Commercial Enterprise2-142
- [D] : Capital Obtained Through Lawful Means2-145
- [E] : Job-Creation Requirement2-146
- [F] : Investor Involvement2-147
- § 2:8.2 : Petition Procedures2-147
- § 2:8.3 : Removal of Condition Placed on Residence2-150
- § 2:8.4 : Immigrant Investor Pilot Program2-154
- § 2:9 : Petition Revocations2-161
- § 2:10 : Application for Residence; Visa Processing or Adjustment of Status2-162
- § 2:10.1 : Choosing Between Visa Processing and Adjustment2-162
- § 2:10.2 : Adjustment of Status Requirements2-164
- [A] : Regular Adjustment Under Section 245(a)2-164
- [B] : Adjustment Under Section 245(i)2-169
- § 2:10.3 : Adjustment of Status Procedures2-176
- [A] : Preparing and Filing Adjustment Application2-176
- [B] : Initial Processing2-179
- [C] : Adjustment Interview and Final Processing2-181
- [D] : Post-Filing Issues2-183
- [E] : Denial of Application2-185
- § 2:10.4 : Travel and Work During Pendency of Application2-185
- [A] : Employment Authorization2-185
- [B] : Advance Parole2-190
- § 2:10.5 : Visa Processing Procedures2-192
- [A] : Choice of Consulate2-192
- [B] : Initial Processing2-193
- [C] : The Instruction Package2-196
- [D] : Appointment Package and Visa Interview2-199
- [E] : Visa Issuance and Denials2-203
- § 2:11 : Family Members of the Principal Alien2-203
- § 2:12 : Maintaining Resident Status2-205
- § 2:12.1 : Factors in Maintaining Residence2-205
- § 2:12.2 : Reentry Permits and Other Reentry Documents2-208
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Chapter 3: |
Family-Sponsored Immigration |
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- § 3:1 : Introduction3-2
- § 3:1.1 : Structure of the Family-Sponsored Immigration System and Numerical Limits3-3
- [A] : Immediate Relatives3-3
- [B] : Overall Cap on Family-Based Immigration3-5
- [C] : Family-Based Preferences3-6
- § 3:1.2 : Summary of Procedure3-8
- [A] : USCIS Petition3-8
- [B] : Adjustment of Status or Immigrant Visa Processing3-9
- § 3:2 : Definition of Qualifying Relationships3-11
- § 3:2.1 : Child-Parent3-11
- § 3:2.2 : Spouse3-23
- § 3:3 : Preparation of the Petition and USCIS Processing3-26
- § 3:3.1 : Petition Package3-26
- [A] : Generally3-26
- [B] : Evidence Regarding Petitioner3-28
- [C] : Evidence Regarding Relationship3-30
- § 3:3.2 : Filing the Petition3-33
- [A] : Generally3-33
- [B] : Special Filing Situations3-34
- § 3:3.3 : USCIS Processing3-37
- § 3:3.4 : Post-Filing Issues3-40
- [A] : Age-Out Protection3-40
- [B] : Conversion Provisions3-43
- [C] : Nonimmigrant Benefits for Family Members3-45
- [D] : Death of the Petitioner3-45
- § 3:3.5 : Special Procedures for Widows/Widowers3-56
- § 3:3.6 : Special Procedures for Orphans3-58
- [A] : Application for Advance Processing3-59
- [B] : Orphan Petition3-61
- § 3:3.7 : Special Procedures for Convention Adoptees3-63
- [A] : Generally3-63
- [B] : Petitioner’s Suitability for Adoption3-64
- [C] : Child’s Status As a Convention Adoptee3-65
- [D] : Provisional and Final Approval of the Petition3-67
- § 3:3.8 : Self-Petitioning by Battered Spouses, Children, and Parents3-69
- [A] : Generally3-69
- [B] : Eligibility for Self-Petition Benefits3-70
- [C] : Applying for Self-Petition Benefits3-75
- § 3:4 : Application for Residence: Visa Processing or Adjustment of Status3-78
- § 3:4.1 : Affidavit of Support Requirement3-81
- [A] : Generally3-81
- [B] : Eligible Sponsors3-83
- [C] : Income Requirements3-85
- [D] : Use of Assets3-89
- [E] : Joint Sponsors3-90
- [F] : Procedural Considerations3-91
- [G] : Sponsor’s Legal Obligations3-95
- § 3:5 : “Conditional Residence” for Certain Spouses3-96
- § 3:5.1 : Coverage of Section 2163-97
- § 3:5.2 : Joint Petition Requirement3-98
- § 3:5.3 : Waivers of Joint Petition Requirement3-101
- § 3:5.4 : Special Situations3-103
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Chapter 4: |
Other Bases for Immigration |
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- § 4:1 : Introduction4-1
- § 4:2 : Diversity Immigration4-2
- § 4:2.1 : Eligibility4-2
- § 4:2.2 : Procedures4-4
- § 4:3 : Legalization of Aliens Under IRCA4-9
- § 4:3.1 : Legalization Under Section 245A4-10
- [A] : Family Members of Legalized Aliens4-14
- [B] : Legalization Litigation and LIFE Act Adjustments4-15
- § 4:3.2 : Agricultural Workers4-25
- § 4:3.3 : Cuban and Haitian Entrants4-27
- § 4:4 : Adjustment of Status Under NACARA4-28
- § 4:5 : Adjustment of Status Under Haitian Refugee Immigration Fairness Act of 19984-32
- § 4:6 : Adjustment of Status for Certain Syrian Nationals4-35
- § 4:7 : Registry Under INA Section 2494-36
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Chapter 5: |
Nonimmigrants |
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- § 5:1 : Introduction5-4
- § 5:1.1 : General Procedures5-6
- § 5:1.2 : Nonimmigrant Visa Issuance5-9
- [A] : Nonimmigrant Visa Application5-9
- [B] : Choosing a Consular Post5-12
- [C] : Submission and Processing of the Application5-17
- [D] : Visa Renewal Procedures5-24
- § 5:1.3 : Admission and Conditions of Stay in the United States5-26
- § 5:1.4 : Changes of Nonimmigrant Status5-33
- § 5:2 : A—Foreign Government Officials5-35
- § 5:2.1 : Coverage of Category5-35
- § 5:2.2 : Procedures5-35
- § 5:2.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-36
- § 5:2.4 : Practice Commentary5-36
- § 5:3 : B—Visitors5-38
- § 5:3.1 : Coverage of Category5-38
- § 5:3.2 : Procedures5-44
- § 5:3.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-46
- § 5:3.4 : Practice Commentary5-48
- § 5:4 : C—Transit Aliens5-50
- § 5:4.1 : Coverage of Category5-50
- § 5:4.2 : Procedures5-50
- § 5:4.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-51
- § 5:4.4 : Practice Commentary5-51
- § 5:5 : D—Crew Members5-52
- § 5:5.1 : Coverage of Category5-52
- § 5:5.2 : Procedures5-53
- § 5:5.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-53
- § 5:5.4 : Practice Commentary5-54
- § 5:6 : E—Treaty Traders and Investors5-56
- § 5:6.1 : Coverage of Category5-56
- § 5:6.2 : Procedures5-59
- § 5:6.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-61
- § 5:6.4 : Practice Commentary5-62
- § 5:7 : E-3—Australian Professionals5-66
- § 5:7.1 : Coverage of Category5-66
- § 5:7.2 : Procedures5-67
- § 5:7.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-68
- § 5:7.4 : Practice Commentary5-69
- § 5:8 : F—Academic Students5-69
- § 5:8.1 : Coverage of Category5-69
- § 5:8.2 : Procedures5-73
- § 5:8.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-77
- § 5:8.4 : Practice Commentary5-81
- § 5:9 : G—International Organization Representatives and Employees5-86
- § 5:9.1 : Coverage of Category5-86
- § 5:9.2 : Procedures5-87
- § 5:9.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-88
- § 5:9.4 : Practice Commentary5-88
- § 5:10 : H-1B—Specialty Occupation Workers5-88
- § 5:10.1 : Coverage of Category5-88
- [A] : Specialty Occupation5-88
- [B] : H-1B Worker’s Qualifications5-91
- [C] : Licensing Requirements5-92
- [D] : LCA Attestation Requirements5-94
- [D][1] : Payment of Required Wage5-96
- [D][2] : Benefits and Working Conditions5-102
- [D][3] : Notification Requirement5-103
- [E] : Requirements Applicable to Fashion Models5-104
- [F] : Annual Cap on Admissions5-104
- [G] : Employer-Employee Relationship5-107
- [H] : Family Members5-109
- § 5:10.2 : Procedures5-110
- § 5:10.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-115
- § 5:10.4 : Practice Commentary5-123
- § 5:11 : H-1B1—Singaporean and Chilean Professionals5-126
- § 5:11.1 : Coverage of Category5-126
- § 5:11.2 : Procedures5-127
- § 5:11.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-128
- § 5:11.4 : Practice Commentary5-129
- § 5:12 : H-1C—Nonimmigrant Nurses5-129
- § 5:13 : H-2A—Temporary Agricultural Workers5-130
- § 5:13.1 : Coverage of Category5-130
- § 5:13.2 : Procedures5-133
- § 5:13.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-139
- § 5:13.4 : Practice Commentary5-140
- § 5:14 : H-2B—Temporary Workers Filling Nonagricultural Positions5-141
- § 5:14.1 : Coverage of Category5-141
- § 5:14.2 : Procedures5-147
- [A] : Temporary Labor Certification5-147
- [B] : USCIS Petition5-153
- [C] : Nonimmigrant Visa or Change-of-Status Application5-156
- § 5:14.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-156
- § 5:14.4 : Practice Commentary5-157
- § 5:15 : H-3—Trainees5-158
- § 5:15.1 : Coverage of Category5-158
- § 5:15.2 : Procedures5-160
- § 5:15.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-161
- § 5:15.4 : Practice Commentary5-162
- § 5:16 : I—Information Media Representatives5-163
- § 5:16.1 : Coverage of Category5-163
- § 5:16.2 : Procedures5-164
- § 5:16.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-164
- § 5:16.4 : Practice Commentary5-164
- § 5:17 : J—Exchange Visitors5-164
- § 5:17.1 : Coverage of Category5-164
- § 5:17.2 : Procedures5-167
- § 5:17.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-169
- § 5:17.4 : Practice Commentary5-173
- § 5:18 : K—Fiancés and Fiancées and Immediate Relatives with Pending Petitions5-177
- § 5:18.1 : Coverage of Category5-177
- § 5:18.2 : Procedures5-179
- § 5:18.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-183
- § 5:18.4 : Practice Commentary5-185
- § 5:19 : L—Intracompany Transferees5-187
- § 5:19.1 : Coverage of Category5-187
- § 5:19.2 : Procedures5-194
- § 5:19.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-197
- § 5:19.4 : Practice Commentary5-199
- § 5:20 : M—Vocational Students5-201
- § 5:20.1 : Coverage of Category5-201
- § 5:20.2 : Procedures5-202
- § 5:20.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-203
- § 5:20.4 : Practice Commentary5-206
- § 5:21 : N—Family Members of G-4 Special Immigrants5-207
- § 5:21.1 : Coverage of Category5-207
- § 5:21.2 : Procedures5-207
- § 5:21.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-207
- § 5:21.4 : Practice Commentary5-208
- § 5:22 : O—Extraordinary Ability Entertainers, Athletes, and Others5-208
- § 5:22.1 : Coverage of Category5-208
- § 5:22.2 : Procedures5-211
- § 5:22.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-213
- § 5:22.4 : Practice Commentary5-215
- § 5:23 : P—Entertainers and Athletes5-218
- § 5:23.1 : Coverage of Category5-218
- § 5:23.2 : Procedures5-223
- § 5:23.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-225
- § 5:23.4 : Practice Commentary5-227
- § 5:24 : Q—International Cultural Exchange Aliens5-229
- § 5:24.1 : Coverage of Category5-229
- § 5:24.2 : Procedures5-230
- § 5:24.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-231
- § 5:24.4 : Practice Commentary5-232
- § 5:25 : R—Ministers and Religious Workers5-232
- § 5:25.1 : Coverage of Category5-232
- § 5:25.2 : Procedures5-233
- § 5:25.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-234
- § 5:25.4 : Practice Commentary5-235
- § 5:26 : S—Aliens Assisting in Law Enforcement Activities5-235
- § 5:26.1 : Coverage of Category5-235
- § 5:26.2 : Procedures5-236
- § 5:26.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-237
- § 5:26.4 : Practice Commentary5-237
- § 5:27 : TN—Canadian and Mexican Professionals Under NAFTA5-238
- § 5:27.1 : Coverage of Category5-238
- § 5:27.2 : Procedures5-240
- § 5:27.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-242
- § 5:27.4 : Practice Commentary5-243
- § 5:28 : T—Victims of Trafficking5-244
- § 5:28.1 : Coverage of Category5-244
- § 5:28.2 : Procedures5-245
- § 5:28.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-246
- § 5:28.4 : Practice Commentary5-247
- § 5:29 : U—Victims of Violence5-247
- § 5:29.1 : Coverage of Category5-248
- § 5:29.2 : Procedures5-249
- § 5:29.3 : Terms of Stay and Extensions5-250
- § 5:29.4 : Practice Commentary5-250
- § 5:30 : V—Beneficiaries of Immigrant Petitions5-250
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Chapter 6: |
Refugees and Asylum |
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- § 6:1 : Introduction6-2
- § 6:1.1 : History of Refugee Law6-3
- § 6:1.2 : Basic Structure of the System6-6
- § 6:2 : The Definition of “Refugee” and “Asylee”6-9
- § 6:2.1 : The Refugee Act and U.N. Protocol6-9
- § 6:2.2 : “Well-Founded Fear of Persecution”6-11
- [A] : Past Persecution6-18
- § 6:2.3 : Basis of Persecution6-21
- [A] : Social Group6-28
- [A][1] : Sexual Orientation6-31
- [A][2] : Gender6-33
- [B] : Political Opinion6-36
- [B][1] : Population Control6-39
- [B][2] : Fleeing Areas of Civil Unrest6-46
- [C] : Religion6-58
- § 6:2.4 : Government Versus Private Source6-63
- § 6:2.5 : Documenting an Asylum Claim6-64
- § 6:2.6 : Grounds for Denial of Refugee or Asylee Status6-78
- § 6:2.7 : Firm Resettlement Exception6-87
- § 6:3 : Procedures for Admitting Refugees6-89
- § 6:4 : Procedures for Granting Asylum6-92
- § 6:4.1 : Affirmative Asylum Applications6-93
- § 6:4.2 : Defensive Asylum Applications6-100
- § 6:4.3 : Credible Fear Process for Persons at the Border6-103
- § 6:5 : Adjustment of Status for Refugees and Asylees6-106
- § 6:5.1 : Adjustment Under the Refugee Act6-106
- § 6:5.2 : Adjustment Under Special Adjustment Acts6-108
- § 6:6 : Family Members of Refugees and Asylees6-112
- § 6:7 : Section 241(b)(3) Relief in Removal Proceedings6-115
- § 6:7.1 : Standard for Granting Section 241(b)(3) Relief6-115
- § 6:7.2 : Administrative Procedures6-120
- § 6:8 : Relief Under the U.N. Convention Against Torture6-120
- § 6:8.1 : Standard for Granting Relief6-121
- § 6:8.2 : Application Procedures6-129
- § 6:9 : Extended Voluntary Departure, Deferred Enforced Departure, and Temporary Protected Status6-130
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Chapter 7: |
Removal of Aliens |
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- § 7:1 : Introduction7-3
- § 7:1.1 : Basic Structure and Procedures7-3
- [A] : The Concept of “Admission”7-6
- [B] : Detection of Removable Aliens7-9
- § 7:1.2 : Grounds for Inadmissibility and Deportation: A Summary7-11
- § 7:1.3 : Waivers and Forms of Relief: A Summary7-12
- § 7:2 : Grounds for Inadmissibility7-13
- § 7:2.1 : Health-Related Grounds: Section 212(a)(1)7-13
- § 7:2.2 : Criminal and Related Grounds: Section 212(a)(2)7-18
- [A] : Conviction for a Crime Involving Moral Turpitude: Section 212(a)(2)(A)(i)(I)7-19
- [B] : Definitions: “Crimes,” “Convictions,” and “Moral Turpitude”7-21
- [C] : Multiple Criminal Convictions: Section 212(a)(2)(B)7-31
- [D] : Violation of Laws Relating to Controlled Substances; Controlled Substance Traffickers: Section 212(a)(2)(A)(i)(II) and (C)7-32
- [E] : Prostitution and Commercialized Vice: Section 212(a)(2)(D)7-38
- [F] : Aliens Exercising Immunity from Prosecution: Section 212(a)(2)(E)7-38
- [G] : Religious Persecutors: Section 212(a)(2)(G)7-39
- [H] : Traffickers in Persons: Section 212(a)(2)(H)7-39
- [I] : Money Launderers: Section 212(a)(2)(I)7-40
- § 7:2.3 : Security and Related Grounds: Section 212(a)(3)7-40
- [A] : Espionage, Sabotage, Technology Export, or “Any Other Unlawful Activity”: Section 212(a)(3)(A)7-41
- [B] : Terrorist Activity: Sections 212(a)(3)(B) and 212(a)(3)(F)7-43
- [C] : Foreign Policy Considerations: Section 212(a)(3)(C)7-52
- [D] : Immigrant Membership in a Totalitarian Party: Section 212(a)(3)(D)7-54
- [E] : Nazi-Era Persecution, Genocide, Torture, Extrajudicial Killings: Section 212(a)(3)(E)7-56
- § 7:2.4 : Public Charge Ground: Section 212(a)(4)7-58
- § 7:2.5 : Labor Certification and Qualification for Certain Immigrants: Section 212(a)(5)7-62
- [A] : Labor Certification: Section 212(a)(5)(A)7-62
- [B] : Unqualified Physicians: Section 212(a)(5)(B)7-63
- [C] : Uncertified Healthcare Workers: Section 212(a)(5)(C)7-63
- § 7:2.6 : Illegal Entrants and Immigration Violators: Section 212(a)(6)7-65
- [A] : Aliens Who Entered Without Inspection: Section 212(a)(6)(A)7-65
- [B] : Failure to Attend Removal Proceedings: Section 212(a)(6)(B)7-66
- [C] : Commission of Fraud or Willful Misrepresentation in Seeking a Benefit Under the INA: Section 212(a)(6)(C)(i)7-66
- [D] : False Claims to U.S. Citizenship: Section 212(a)(6)(C)(ii)7-69
- [E] : Stowaways: Section 212(a)(6)(D)7-71
- [F] : Alien Smuggling: Section 212(a)(6)(E)7-71
- [G] : Aliens Subject to Civil Penalty for Document Fraud: Section 212(a)(6)(F)7-72
- [H] : Student Visa Abusers: Section 212(a)(6)(G)7-74
- § 7:2.7 : Documentation Grounds: Section 212(a)(7)7-75
- § 7:2.8 : Persons Ineligible to Citizenship: Section 212(a)(8)7-77
- § 7:2.9 : Previously Removed or Unlawfully Present7-79
- [A] : Aliens Previously Removed: Section 212(a)(9)(A)7-79
- [B] : Periods of Unlawful Presence: Section 212(a)(9)(B)7-81
- [C] : Reentry Without Inspection After Unlawful Presence or Prior Removal: Section 212(a)(9)(C)7-90
- § 7:2.10 : Miscellaneous Inadmissibility Grounds: Section 212(a)(10)7-92
- § 7:3 : Grounds for Deportation7-94
- § 7:3.1 : Persons Inadmissible at Entry, Who Are Present in Violation of Law, or Who Have Violated Status: Section 237(a)(1)7-95
- § 7:3.2 : Criminal Offenses7-97
- [A] : General Crimes and Aggravated Felonies: Section 237(a)(2)(A)7-97
- [B] : Offenses Relating to Controlled Substances: Section 237(a)(2)(B)7-110
- [C] : Firearms Offenses: Section 237(a)(2)(C)7-111
- [D] : Miscellaneous Crimes: Section 237(a)(2)(D)7-112
- [E] : Domestic Violence: Section 237(a)(2)(E)7-112
- § 7:3.3 : Registration Violations: Section 237(a)(3)7-113
- § 7:3.4 : Security and Related Grounds: Section 237(a)(4)7-114
- § 7:3.5 : Public Charge Ground: Section 237(a)(5)7-115
- § 7:3.6 : Unlawful Voting Ground: Section 237(a)(6)7-115
- § 7:4 : Relief from Removal and Waivers of Inadmissibility7-115
- § 7:4.1 : Cancellation of Removal: Section 240A7-115
- [A] : Cancellation of Removal Under Section 240A(a)7-117
- [B] : Cancellation of Removal Under Section 240A(b)(1)7-125
- [C] : Cancellation of Removal Under Section 240A(b)(2)7-131
- [D] : Procedures for Cancellation Applications7-134
- [E] : The Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA)7-135
- § 7:4.2 : Section 212(d) Waivers for Nonimmigrants7-144
- § 7:4.3 : Section 212(g) Waivers for Medical Problems7-145
- § 7:4.4 : Section 212(h) Waiver for Certain Crimes and Prostitution7-147
- § 7:4.5 : Waivers for Fraud: Sections 212(i) and 237(a)(1)(H)7-150
- § 7:4.6 : Voluntary Departure7-154
- [A] : Voluntary Departure Prior to Conclusion of Removal Proceedings7-156
- [B] : Voluntary Departure As a Form of Relief from Removal7-160
- § 7:4.7 : Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals7-162
- § 7:4.8 : Prosecutorial Discretion and Administrative Closure7-166
- § 7:4.9 : Other Forms of Relief from Removal7-168
- § 7:5 : Removal Procedures7-168
- § 7:5.1 : Commencement of Removal Proceedings Under Section 2407-170
- § 7:5.2 : Detention Pending Removal Determination7-172
- § 7:5.3 : Hearings Under INA Section 2407-181
- § 7:5.4 : In Absentia Hearings Under INA Section 2407-189
- § 7:5.5 : Execution of Removal Orders7-191
- § 7:5.6 : Expedited Removal of Certain Inadmissible Aliens7-202
- § 7:5.7 : Administrative Removal Under INA Section 238(b)7-209
- § 7:5.8 : Judicial Removal Under INA Section 238(d)7-211
- § 7:5.9 : Removal Proceedings for Alien Terrorists7-212
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Chapter 8: |
Administrative and Judicial Review |
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- § 8:1 : Introduction8-2
- § 8:2 : Board of Immigration Appeals: Authority and Procedure8-3
- § 8:2.1 : BIA Authority8-4
- § 8:2.2 : BIA Appeal Procedures8-5
- [A] : Filing the Appeal8-5
- [B] : Stay of Removal8-7
- [C] : Summary Dismissal8-7
- [D] : Standard of Review8-8
- [E] : Rules Streamlining BIA Case Management8-9
- [F] : Final Decision8-11
- § 8:2.3 : Motion to Reopen or Reconsider8-11
- § 8:2.4 : Motions to Rescind an In Absentia Order8-15
- § 8:3 : USCIS Appellate Authority and Procedure8-17
- § 8:3.1 : Authority: Types of Cases8-17
- § 8:3.2 : Appeal Procedure8-19
- § 8:4 : USCIS Determinations Not Subject to Administrative Appeal8-21
- § 8:5 : Judicial Review: Removal Orders8-23
- § 8:5.1 : Judicial Review Prior to IIRIRA8-23
- § 8:5.2 : Judicial Review Under INA Section 2428-26
- § 8:5.3 : Standing and Exhaustion of Remedies8-27
- § 8:5.4 : Coverage of Judicial Review: The Final Order8-28
- § 8:5.5 : Additional Jurisdictional Limitations8-30
- [A] : The Court-Stripping Provisions8-31
- [B] : Habeas Review and the REAL ID Amendments8-33
- § 8:5.6 : Applicable Procedures on a Petition for Review8-47
- § 8:5.7 : Scope and Standard of Review8-49
- [A] : Finding of Deportability or Removability8-50
- [B] : Discretionary Forms of Relief8-51
- [C] : Motions to Reopen and Reconsider8-52
- § 8:6 : Judicial Review: Labor Certifications, Petitions, and Applications8-54
- § 8:6.1 : Jurisdictional Basis8-54
- § 8:6.2 : Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies8-56
- § 8:6.3 : Standing8-57
- § 8:6.4 : Scope and Standard of Review8-58
- § 8:7 : Judicial Review of Citizenship and Naturalization Matters8-59
- § 8:7.1 : Review of Citizenship Claims Under INA Section 360(a)8-59
- § 8:7.2 : Review of Citizenship Claims in Removal Context8-61
- § 8:7.3 : Other Forms of Judicial Review of Citizenship Claims8-62
- § 8:7.4 : Review of Naturalization and Denaturalization Decisions8-62
- § 8:8 : Judicial Review: Visa Issuance8-63
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Chapter 9: |
Rights and Obligations of Aliens |
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- § 9:1 : Introduction9-2
- § 9:2 : Employment9-3
- § 9:3 : Social Welfare and Education9-6
- § 9:3.1 : Restrictions on Access by Aliens to Social Welfare Benefits9-6
- § 9:3.2 : The Welfare Act9-6
- [A] : Prohibition on Non-Qualified Aliens Receiving Federal Public Benefits9-6
- [B] : Five-Year Bar on Federal Means-Tested Benefits9-8
- [C] : Bar on SSI Benefits and Food Stamps9-9
- [D] : State-Administered Federal Programs9-11
- [E] : “Deeming” Provision9-12
- [F] : Legal Issues Raised9-13
- § 9:4 : Property Ownership9-15
- § 9:4.1 : Ownership of Real Property9-15
- § 9:4.2 : Ownership of Intangible Personal Property9-15
- § 9:4.3 : Other Ownership Rights9-16
- § 9:5 : Taxation9-16
- § 9:5.1 : Income Tax9-16
- [A] : Qualifying As a “Resident” for Tax Purposes9-17
- [B] : Taxation of Nonresidents9-19
- [C] : “Tax Expatriates”9-21
- § 9:5.2 : Social Security and Unemployment Compensation Taxes9-23
- § 9:5.3 : Estate and Gift Taxes9-24
- § 9:6 : Military Service and Registration9-25
- § 9:7 : Political Rights9-26
- § 9:8 : Judicial Process9-27
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Chapter 10: |
Employment of Aliens |
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- § 10:1 : Introduction10-3
- § 10:2 : Employer Obligations in the Employment of Aliens10-5
- § 10:2.1 : Prohibition Regarding “Knowing” Employment of Unauthorized Aliens10-7
- [A] : “Constructive Knowledge” Standard10-8
- [B] : Constructive-Knowledge Situations/Issues10-8
- § 10:2.2 : Good-Faith Defense10-17
- § 10:2.3 : “Grandfathered” Employees10-19
- § 10:2.4 : Employees with Work Authorization “Incident to Status”10-20
- § 10:3 : Employment Verification10-21
- § 10:3.1 : Coverage of Verification Requirement10-22
- [A] : Rehired Employees10-22
- [B] : Individuals Continuing Their Employment10-23
- [C] : Volunteers and Unpaid Interns10-24
- [D] : Independent Contractors10-25
- [E] : Casual Hires Providing Domestic Service10-27
- [F] : Employees Referred by a State Employment Agency10-27
- § 10:3.2 : Procedure for Verification of Employee Work Status10-28
- [A] : Timing of Verification10-28
- [B] : Pre-Hiring Inquiries10-29
- [C] : Examination of Documents and Completion of Form I-910-30
- [C][1] : List of Acceptable Documents10-32
- [C][2] : Rules Regarding Acceptance of Receipts10-34
- [C][3] : Final Completion of Section 210-34
- [C][4] : Reverification Rules10-35
- [D] : Retention of I-9 Forms10-35
- [D][1] : Electronic I-9 Forms10-36
- § 10:3.3 : Special Verification Rules10-37
- [A] : F-1 Students Engaged in On-Campus Employment or Curricular Training10-37
- [B] : J-1 Exchange Visitors10-38
- [C] : Nonimmigrants Authorized to Work for a Specific Employer Incident to Status10-38
- [D] : H-1B Workers Changing Employers10-38
- [E] : F-1 Students Seeking Cap-Gap Extension10-39
- [F] : F-1 Students Seeking OPT STEM Extension10-39
- [G] : Conditional Residents Applying for Removal of Conditions10-40
- [H] : Refugees and Asylees10-40
- [I] : Temporary Protected Status10-41
- [J] : Persons Under Age Eighteen10-41
- [K] : E-Verify Program10-42
- [K][1] : Employers Required to Participate10-42
- § 10:4 : Penalty Structure for Employer Violations10-47
- § 10:4.1 : Civil Penalties10-47
- [A] : Hiring Violations10-47
- [B] : Paperwork Violations10-47
- [C] : Determining Civil Penalties10-48
- § 10:4.2 : Criminal Penalties and Sanctions10-50
- § 10:4.3 : Debarment Penalties10-51
- [A] : Exclusion from Federal Contracts10-51
- [B] : Exclusion from State Contracts, Other Penalties Under State Law10-53
- § 10:5 : Enforcement Procedures10-53
- § 10:5.1 : Compliance Mechanisms and Enforcement Strategies10-53
- § 10:5.2 : Scope and Conduct of ICE Criminal Worksite Investigations10-56
- § 10:5.3 : Scope and Conduct of Regular I-9 Audits10-59
- [A] : I-9 Audit Notice Requirements10-60
- [B] : Document Production and Inspection10-61
- [C] : Audit Determinations10-61
- [D] : Correction of Technical or Procedural Failures10-63
- [E] : NIF Procedure10-65
- § 10:5.4 : OCAHO Proceedings Under IRCA10-67
- § 10:6 : Document Fraud10-70
- § 10:7 : Employment Discrimination10-74
- § 10:7.1 : Introduction10-74
- § 10:7.2 : Coverage of the Discrimination Provision10-74
- § 10:7.3 : Unfair Immigration-Related Practices10-77
- [A] : Discrimination on the Basis of National Origin or Citizenship Status10-77
- [B] : Document Abuse10-79
- § 10:7.4 : “Knowing and Intentional” Standard10-81
- § 10:7.5 : Exemptions to the Anti-Discrimination Provisions10-85
- § 10:7.6 : Enforcement and Administrative Procedures10-87
- § 10:8 : Employment Authorization for Aliens10-89
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Chapter 11: |
Naturalization |
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- § 11:1 : Introduction11-2
- § 11:1.1 : Summary of Requirements11-3
- § 11:1.2 : Summary of Procedure11-4
- § 11:2 : Residence Requirements11-5
- § 11:2.1 : Lawful Residence11-5
- § 11:2.2 : Continuity of Residence of Five (or Three) Years11-6
- § 11:2.3 : State Residence11-9
- § 11:2.4 : Physical Presence11-10
- § 11:2.5 : Classes Fully or Partially Exempted11-11
- [A] : Spouses of U.S. Citizens11-11
- [B] : Children of U.S. Citizens11-13
- [C] : Other Exempt Groups11-20
- § 11:3 : “Good Moral Character” Requirement11-22
- § 11:3.1 : Statutorily Barred Classes11-22
- § 11:3.2 : Discretionary Bases11-25
- [A] : Adultery11-25
- [B] : Homosexuality11-25
- [C] : Nonsupport11-26
- [D] : Fornication11-26
- [E] : Probation or Parole11-27
- [F] : Failure to Register with Selective Service11-27
- [G] : Indigence11-28
- [H] : Failure to File Income Taxes11-28
- [I] : Illegal Voting; False Claims to Citizenship11-28
- § 11:4 : Other Substantive Requirements11-29
- § 11:4.1 : English Language Requirement11-29
- [A] : Medical Disability Exemption; Form N-648 Process11-30
- § 11:4.2 : Knowledge of American History and Civics11-34
- [A] : Exemptions; “Special Consideration”11-34
- § 11:4.3 : Attachment to the Constitution11-35
- § 11:4.4 : Age and Legal Competency Requirements11-37
- § 11:5 : Aliens Ineligible for Naturalization11-38
- § 11:5.1 : Anarchists and Communists11-38
- § 11:5.2 : Military Deserters and Draft Evaders11-39
- § 11:5.3 : Aliens in Removal Proceedings or Subject to a Final Order11-40
- § 11:6 : The Naturalization Application and USCIS Processing11-40
- § 11:6.1 : Generally11-40
- § 11:6.2 : Naturalization Package and Filing11-41
- § 11:6.3 : Initial Processing11-42
- § 11:6.4 : Interview, English and Civics Testing, and Final Processing11-45
- § 11:7 : Denaturalization: Substantive Bases11-51
- § 11:7.1 : Lack of a Statutory Prerequisite11-51
- § 11:7.2 : Concealment of a Material Fact or Willful Misrepresentation11-52
- § 11:8 : Denaturalization Procedures11-53
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Chapter 12: |
Citizenship |
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- § 12:1 : Introduction12-1
- § 12:2 : Citizenship at Birth in the United States12-3
- § 12:2.1 : Jus Soli12-3
- [A] : The Jurisdiction Requirement12-3
- [B] : The Physical Limits of the United States12-4
- § 12:3 : Citizenship by Birth Outside the United States12-5
- § 12:3.1 : Born to Two Citizen Parents12-5
- § 12:3.2 : Born to One Citizen Parent and One U.S. National Parent12-6
- § 12:3.3 : Born to One Citizen Parent and One Alien Parent12-7
- [A] : Act of 193412-8
- [B] : The 1940 Act12-9
- [C] : Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 and Subsequent Amendments12-10
- [D] : Relief for Failing to Meet Retention Requirements12-11
- § 12:4 : Dual Citizenship12-12
- § 12:5 : Expatriation12-12
- § 12:5.1 : Expatriative Acts12-13
- § 12:5.2 : Finding of Renunciation/Relinquishment of Citizenship12-14
- § 12:6 : Citizenship Documents12-15
- § 12:6.1 : U.S. Passport12-15
- § 12:6.2 : Certificates of Citizenship12-16
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Chapter 13: |
Appendices of Forms |
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Chapter 14: |
Table of Cases |
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Chapter 15: |
Index to Immigration Fundamentals |
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