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Table of Contents |
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Chapter 1: |
Introduction; and Appendix 1A |
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- § 1:1 : Types of Authority in Federal Tax Practice1-2
- § 1:2 : Statutory/Legislative Authority1-3
- § 1:2.1 : The Code and Legislative History1-3
- § 1:2.2 : Legislative History and the Blue Book1-3
- § 1:2.3 : Tax Treaties1-4
- § 1:3 : Administrative Authority1-6
- § 1:3.1 : Regulations1-6
- [A] : Final Regulations1-7
- [A][1] : Prospective and Retroactive Regulations1-10
- [B] : Proposed Regulations1-12
- [C] : Temporary Regulations1-12
- [D] : Procedural Regulations1-13
- [E] : Finding Regulations1-14
- § 1:3.2 : IRS Rulings1-15
- [A] : Letter Rulings1-16
- [A][1] : Closing Agreement1-18
- [A][2] : Determination Letter1-18
- [A][3] : Information Letter1-18
- [A][4] : Circumstances Under Which Letter Rulings Are Issued1-19
- [A][5] : Circumstances Under Which Letter Rulings Are Not Issued1-20
- [A][6] : Circumstances Under Which Determination Letters Are Not Issued1-21
- [A][7] : Considerations Involved in Ruling Requests1-21
- [A][8] : Letter Ruling Conferences1-22
- [A][9] : Disclosure Pursuant to Section 61101-23
- [A][10] : 9100 Relief1-24
- [A][10][a] : Filing Requirements1-28
- [A][10][b] : Conference of Right1-30
- [A][10][c] : Judicial Review1-30
- [B] : Revenue Rulings1-31
- [C] : Revenue Procedures1-33
- [D] : Technical Advice Memoranda (TAMs)1-34
- [E] : Action on Decisions—IRS Acquiescence Program for Court Decisions1-37
- [F] : Chief Counsel Advice (CCA)1-38
- [G] : General Counsel Memoranda (GCMs)1-40
- [H] : Other Pronouncements1-40
- § 1:3.3 : Judicial Authority1-41
- [A] : Tax Court1-41
- [B] : Decisions of Other Federal Courts1-43
- [C] : Court of Appeals1-44
- [D] : U.S. Supreme Court1-45
- [E] : Judicial Authority1-45
- § 1:3.4 : Other Secondary Authority1-46
- § 1:3.5 : Internal Revenue Manual1-46
- § 1:3.6 : Computerized Research1-47
- § 1:3.7 : Free Databases and Websites1-47
- Appendix 1A : Free WebsitesApp. 1A-1
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Chapter 2: |
Circular 230 and the Ethics of Tax Practice |
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- § 2:1 : Ethics of Tax Practice and Circular 2302-3
- § 2:2 : Who May Practice Before the IRS?2-4
- § 2:3 : Rules Governing Tax Return Preparers2-10
- § 2:3.1 : In General2-10
- § 2:3.2 : Treasury Regulations Section 1.6109-2(h) Exceptions2-10
- § 2:3.3 : Competency Examinations for Registered Tax Return Preparers2-12
- § 2:3.4 : Provisional PTIN Rules for a Registered Tax Return Preparer2-13
- § 2:3.5 : Forms Requiring a PTIN2-14
- § 2:3.6 : Ethics and Conduct2-15
- § 2:4 : Circular 230: Duties and Restrictions2-17
- § 2:4.1 : Duty to Cooperate2-18
- [A] : Knowledge of Client Error or Omission2-19
- § 2:4.2 : Duty to Disclose Adverse Authority2-20
- § 2:5 : Office of Professional Responsibility2-24
- § 2:5.1 : OPR Investigations2-27
- § 2:5.2 : Alternative Disciplinary Approaches2-29
- § 2:5.3 : Processing Investigations2-31
- § 2:5.4 : Sanctions and Other Disciplinary Measures2-33
- § 2:5.5 : Statute of Limitations for Circular 230 Disciplinary Actions2-36
- § 2:6 : Tax-Shelter Opinion Letters and Other Written Advice2-38
- § 2:7 : Historical Prospective: Original (1994 Ed.) Standards for Tax-Shelter Opinion Letters2-39
- § 2:7.1 : Definition of Terms2-39
- § 2:7.2 : Tax-Shelter Opinion Requirements2-43
- [A] : Factual Matters2-43
- [B] : Relating Law to Facts2-44
- [C] : Identifying Material Issues2-44
- [D] : Opinions on Each Material Issue2-44
- [E] : Overall Evaluation2-45
- [F] : Description of Opinions2-48
- [G] : Partial Opinions and Reliance on Other Opinions2-48
- § 2:8 : Revised (2008 Ed.) Standards for Tax-Shelter Opinion Letters and Related Matters2-49
- § 2:8.1 : Overview of Revised (2008 Ed.) Standards2-50
- § 2:8.2 : Best Practices for Tax Advisors2-50
- [A] : Best Practices2-50
- [B] : Procedures to Ensure Best Practices2-51
- [C] : Procedures Aspirational2-51
- [D] : Effective Date2-52
- § 2:8.3 : Requirements for Covered Opinions2-52
- [A] : Covered Opinion Defined2-54
- [B] : Excluded Advice Defined2-54
- [C] : Federal Tax Issue Defined2-58
- [D] : Reliance Opinion Defined2-58
- [E] : Marketed Opinion Defined2-58
- [F] : Conditions of Confidentiality Defined2-59
- [G] : Contractual Protection Defined2-59
- [H] : Prominent Disclosure Defined2-60
- [I] : State or Local Bond Opinion Defined2-60
- [J] : Principal Purpose2-61
- [K] : Requirements for Covered Opinions2-62
- [L] : Competence to Provide Opinion and Reliance on Opinion of Others2-66
- [M] : Required Disclosures2-66
- [N] : Effect of Opinion That Meets Section 10.35 Standards2-68
- [O] : Effective Date2-68
- [P] : Proposed Revisions to Circular 230 Written Advice Standards2-68
- § 2:8.4 : Procedures to Ensure Compliance2-70
- [A] : Requirements for Covered Opinions2-70
- [B] : Effective Date2-70
- [C] : Proposed Revisions to Circular 2302-70
- § 2:9 : Requirements for Other Written Advice2-71
- § 2:9.1 : Requirements2-71
- § 2:9.2 : Effective Date2-72
- § 2:10 : Establishment of Advisory Committees2-72
- § 2:10.1 : Advisory Committees2-72
- § 2:10.2 : Effective Date2-72
- § 2:11 : Disreputable Conduct2-72
- § 2:12 : Violation of Regulations2-73
- § 2:13 : Tax-Shelter Opinion Letters and Attorney-Client Privilege2-74
- § 2:13.1 : Introduction2-74
- § 2:13.2 : Statutory Change2-77
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Chapter 3: |
Organization of the IRS |
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- § 3:1 : Function and Authority of the Internal Revenue Service3-3
- § 3:2 : Former IRS Organization3-5
- § 3:3 : Overview of the 1998 Reorganization3-5
- § 3:4 : IRS Oversight Board3-8
- § 3:5 : Commissioner of Internal Revenue3-12
- § 3:6 : IRS National Office3-13
- § 3:7 : Chief Counsel3-13
- § 3:8 : Appeals3-14
- § 3:9 : Taxpayer Advocate Service (TAS)3-14
- § 3:9.1 : TAS Overview3-15
- § 3:9.2 : Using the Taxpayer Advocate Program and Taxpayer Assistance Orders (TAOs)3-17
- § 3:9.3 : TAS Organizational Structure3-20
- [A] : TAS Casework Function3-20
- [B] : TAS Systemic Analysis and Advocacy3-21
- § 3:10 : Criminal Investigation (CI)3-21
- § 3:11 : Examination: Four Operating Divisions3-22
- § 3:11.1 : Wage and Investment (W&I) Operating Division3-22
- [A] : Taxpayer Characteristics3-22
- [B] : Organizational Structure3-22
- [B][1] : Communications, Assistance, Research and Education (CARE)3-23
- [B][1][a] : Media and Publications3-23
- [B][1][b] : Stakeholder, Partnership, Education, and Communication3-23
- [B][1][c] : Field Assistance and the Tax Resolution3-24
- [B][2] : Customer Account Services (CAS)3-26
- [B][2][a] : Submission Processing3-26
- [B][2][b] : Accounts Management (AM)3-27
- [B][3] : Compliance3-27
- [B][3][a] : Compliance Services3-28
- [B][3][b] : Collection Strategy Unit3-28
- [B][3][c] : Exam Selection & Strategy Unit (ESSU)3-29
- [B][3][d] : Program Management3-29
- § 3:11.2 : Small Business/Self-Employed Operating Division3-29
- [A] : Taxpayer Characteristics3-29
- [A][1] : Overview3-29
- [A][2] : Small Businesses3-30
- [A][3] : Self-Employed and Supplemental Income Earners3-30
- [A][4] : Other SB/SE Taxpayers3-31
- [B] : Organizational Structure3-32
- [B][1] : Taxpayer Education and Communication (TEC) Organization3-32
- [B][1][a] : TEC Partnership Outreach3-32
- [B][1][b] : TEC Taxpayer Education Areas3-33
- [B][1][c] : Taxpayer Assistance Centers (TAC)3-33
- [B][2] : CAS Organization3-34
- [B][2][a] : Submission Processing3-35
- [B][2][b] : AM3-35
- [B][3] : Compliance Organization3-36
- [C] : Stakeholder Liaison (SL) Office3-36
- [C][1] : Issue Management Resolution Systems3-37
- [C][2] : SL Contacts3-37
- § 3:11.3 : Large Business & International (LB&I)3-38
- [A] : Taxpayer Characteristics3-38
- [B] : Organizational Structure3-39
- [B][1] : Industry Segmentation3-42
- [B][1][a] : Financial Services and Healthcare Organization3-42
- [B][1][b] : Retailers, Food, and Pharmaceutical Organization3-42
- [B][1][c] : Natural Resources Organization3-43
- [B][1][d] : Communications, Technology, and Media Organization3-43
- [B][1][e] : Heavy Manufacturing, Construction, and Transportation3-43
- [B][1][f] : Global High Wealth Industry Group3-44
- § 3:11.4 : Tax Exempt and Government Entities (TE/GE) Operating Division3-44
- [A] : Taxpayer Characteristics3-44
- [B] : TE/GE Organizational Structure3-45
- [C] : Employee Plans (EP) Organization3-46
- [D] : Exempt Organizations (EO)3-47
- [E] : Government Entities (GE) Organization3-48
- [E][1] : Tax Exempt Bonds3-48
- [E][2] : Federal, State, and Local Governments (FSLG)3-48
- [E][3] : Indian Tribal Governments3-49
- [F] : Process-Based Organizational Segments3-49
- [F][1] : TE/GE Customer Education and Outreach3-49
- [F][2] : TE/GE Rulings and Agreements3-50
- [F][3] : TE/GE Examinations3-50
- [F][4] : TE/GE CAS3-50
- § 3:12 : Office of Chief Counsel3-50
- § 3:12.1 : Organizational Structure3-51
- [A] : Associate Chief Counsel Offices3-51
- [B] : Division Counsel and Field Counsel3-51
- § 3:13 : Appeals3-52
- § 3:13.1 : Organizational Structure3-52
- [A] : Appeals Operating Division Structure3-52
- § 3:14 : Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT)3-53
- § 3:15 : Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR)3-54
- § 3:16 : CI3-55
- § 3:16.1 : Organizational Structure3-56
- § 3:17 : Miscellaneous Organizations and the National Headquarters3-57
- § 3:18 : Place for Filing Notices3-57
- § 3:19 : IRS Fax Guidelines3-57
- § 3:19.1 : General Guidelines3-58
- § 3:19.2 : Specific Guidance on Use of Faxes in Tax Administration Processes3-58
- § 3:20 : Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Public Liaisons3-60
- § 3:21 : IRS Whistleblower Office3-61
- § 3:22 : E-Services for Tax Professionals3-61
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Chapter 4: |
Tax Returns and Interest |
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- § 4:1 : Background4-3
- § 4:2 : Income Tax Returns—Who Must File4-5
- § 4:2.1 : Individual Income Tax Returns4-5
- [A] : Individual’s Filing Status4-6
- [B] : Joint Return4-6
- [C] : Joint and Several Liability4-7
- [D] : Qualifying Widow(er) with Dependent Child4-7
- [E] : Head of Household4-7
- [F] : Individual Is Under Eighteen Years of Age4-8
- [G] : Alien4-9
- § 4:2.2 : Corporations4-10
- § 4:2.3 : Partnerships4-12
- § 4:2.4 : Limited Liability Partnership4-13
- § 4:2.5 : Limited Liability Company4-14
- § 4:2.6 : Trusts and Estates4-14
- § 4:2.7 : Exempt Organizations/Political Organizations/Homeowners’ Associations4-15
- § 4:2.8 : Information Returns and Payee Statements4-15
- [A] : Form TD F 90-22.1, Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR)4-16
- [B] : Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA)4-17
- [B][1] : Disclosures with Respect to Foreign Assets4-18
- [B][2] : The End of Foreign Bank Secrecy for U.S. Account Holders4-20
- § 4:2.9 : IRS Substituted Returns4-22
- § 4:2.10 : Amended Returns4-23
- § 4:2.11 : Net Operating Loss Five-Year Provision4-26
- § 4:3 : When to File Tax Returns4-28
- § 4:3.1 : Individual Tax Return4-28
- § 4:3.2 : Corporation4-28
- § 4:3.3 : Partnership4-28
- § 4:3.4 : Trusts and Estates4-29
- § 4:3.5 : Exempt Organizations/Political Organizations/Homeowners’ Associations4-29
- § 4:3.6 : Filing Date Falls on Saturday, Sunday, or Legal Holiday4-29
- § 4:3.7 : Mailbox Rule—Timely-Mailed, Timely-Filed, Timely-Paid4-30
- § 4:3.8 : Superseded Returns Filed Prior to Expiration of Extended Due Date4-32
- § 4:3.9 : Superseded Return—Impact on Statute of Limitations4-33
- § 4:3.10 : Qualified Amended Return4-34
- § 4:3.11 : Extensions of Time to File Tax Return4-35
- [A] : Individuals4-35
- [A][1] : Additional Extension4-37
- [B] : Corporations4-37
- [C] : Partnerships4-39
- [D] : Estates and Trusts4-39
- [E] : Information Returns4-39
- § 4:4 : How to File Tax Returns4-39
- § 4:4.1 : Electronic Filing4-39
- § 4:4.2 : Certified or Registered Mail4-42
- § 4:4.3 : Use of Private Meter Machines4-43
- § 4:4.4 : Designated Private Delivery Service4-43
- § 4:4.5 : Hand Delivery4-45
- § 4:4.6 : What Constitutes a Valid Tax Return4-46
- § 4:5 : Who Must Sign the Return4-49
- § 4:6 : Common Errors When Preparing Individual Tax Returns4-51
- § 4:7 : Interest on Underpayments and Overpayments of Tax4-52
- § 4:7.1 : Background4-52
- § 4:7.2 : Basic Interest Calculation4-55
- [A] : Step One: Amount of Tax Underpayment or Overpayment4-55
- [B] : Step Two: Date Interest Begins Accruing on Underpayment or Overpayment4-56
- [C] : Step Three: Date Interest Stops Accruing on Underpayment or Overpayment4-58
- [D] : Step Four: Applicable Interest Rates4-60
- § 4:7.3 : Restrictions and Adjustments to the General Rules4-62
- [A] : Large Corporate Underpayments—“Hot Interest”4-62
- [B] : Large Corporate Overpayments—GATT Interest4-63
- [C] : Net Operating Loss Carrybacks4-63
- [D] : Foreign Tax Credit Carrybacks4-64
- [E] : Refunds Within Forty-five Days After Return Is Filed4-65
- [F] : Interest Netting and Overpayment Interest Resulting from Transfer of Credits4-66
- [F][1] : Background4-66
- [F][2] : Current Law4-67
- [F][3] : When Does Global Interest Netting Apply?4-68
- [F][4] : How to Request Interest Netting4-68
- [F][5] : Statute of Limitations for Filing Form 8434-69
- [F][6] : Case Law4-71
- [G] : Applicability to Assessable Penalties, Additional Amount, and Additions to Tax4-74
- [H] : Overpayment of Estimated Quarterly Tax Payments4-74
- [I] : Statutory Deposit Procedures—Cash Bond Versus Payment of Tax4-75
- [J] : Notice and Demand Grace Period4-76
- [K] : Waiver of the Restrictions on Assessment and Collection4-76
- [L] : Abatement of Interest Attributable to Unreasonable Service Error4-77
- [M] : Suspension of Interest When the IRS Fails to Contact an Individual Taxpayer4-78
- [N] : Combat Zone4-79
- [O] : Presidentially Declared Disaster4-80
- [P] : Impact of a Termination and Jeopardy Assessments4-80
- [Q] : Seized Property4-80
- [R] : Interest on Estate Tax Returns4-80
- [S] : Restricted Interest4-81
- § 4:7.4 : Administrative Procedures—Claims for Refunds4-82
- § 4:7.5 : Litigating Interest Issues4-83
- [A] : Tax Court4-83
- [B] : District Court or Court of Federal Claims4-84
- [B][1] : Suits for Refunds of Interest on Underpayments4-84
- [B][2] : Suits for Statutory Interest on Overpayments4-84
- [B][3] : Interest Offsets4-85
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Chapter 5: |
Taxpayer Access to IRS Information |
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- § 5:1 : Informal Requests for Tax Information5-2
- § 5:2 : Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)5-2
- § 5:2.1 : Overview5-2
- § 5:2.2 : FOIA Public Liaisons5-7
- § 5:2.3 : Information Available5-7
- [A] : Records Covered by FOIA5-7
- [B] : Publications Required by FOIA5-8
- [C] : Public Inspections Required by FOIA5-9
- § 5:3 : Making FOIA Request5-10
- § 5:3.1 : Contents of FOIA Request5-11
- § 5:3.2 : Where to Send a FOIA Request5-13
- § 5:3.3 : Timing of the IRS Response to a FOIA Request5-13
- § 5:3.4 : FOIA Exemptions5-15
- [A] : Section 552(b)(1) Exemption: Classified Documents Pertaining to National Defense and Foreign Policy5-16
- [B] : Section 552(b)(2) Exemption: Internal Personnel Rules and Practices5-17
- [C] : Section 552(b)(3) Exemption: Information Exempt Under Other Laws5-19
- [D] : Section 552(b)(4) Exemption: Trade Secrets and Confidential Commercial or Financial Information5-20
- [E] : Section 552(b)(5) Exemption: Inter-Agency or Intra-Agency Memorandums or Letters5-21
- [F] : Section 552(b)(6) Exemption: Personal Privacy5-25
- [G] : Section 552(b)(7) Exemption: Law Enforcement5-27
- [H] : Section 552(b)(8) Exemption: Financial Institutions5-31
- [I] : Section 552(b)(9) Exemption: Geological Information5-31
- § 5:3.5 : FOIA Exclusions5-32
- [A] : Exclusion 15-32
- [B] : Exclusion 25-32
- [C] : Exclusion 35-32
- § 5:3.6 : Administrative Appeal Procedures5-32
- § 5:3.7 : Judicial Action5-34
- § 5:3.8 : FOIA Practice Tip5-35
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Chapter 6: |
The Examination Function |
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- § 6:1 : What Is an IRS Audit?6-3
- § 6:2 : How Returns Are Selected for Examination6-3
- § 6:3 : Types of IRS Audits6-8
- § 6:3.1 : Discriminant Inventory Function (DIF) System Audits and Unreported Income Discriminant Index Formula (UIDIF) Audits6-10
- § 6:3.2 : Campus Reporting Compliance Programs6-11
- [A] : Correspondence and Submission Processing Center Examinations6-11
- [B] : Automated Underreporter (AUR) Program (Formerly Information Reporting Program (IRP) Audits)6-13
- [B][1] : In General6-13
- [B][2] : Soft Notice Program6-15
- [C] : Mathematical Errors6-16
- § 6:3.3 : Taxpayer Compliance Measurement Program (TCMP) Audits and the National Research Program (NRP)6-18
- § 6:3.4 : Project Audits6-21
- § 6:3.5 : Large Case Examinations6-23
- § 6:3.6 : Partnership Audits Under the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 and the Taxpayer Relief Act of 19976-24
- § 6:3.7 : Executive Branch Audit Influence Barred6-25
- § 6:4 : Office and Field Audits6-26
- § 6:4.1 : Office Examinations6-26
- § 6:4.2 : Field Examinations6-28
- § 6:5 : Chronology of an IRS Audit6-28
- § 6:5.1 : Practical Aspects of an IRS Audit6-34
- [A] : IRS’s Authority to Examine Books and Records6-34
- [B] : IRS Methods of Obtaining Information6-35
- [B][1] : Information Document Request (IDR)6-35
- [B][2] : Third-Party Contacts6-37
- [B][3] : Formal Document Request (FDR)6-37
- [B][4] : Tour of Taxpayer Business6-37
- [B][5] : Accountants’ Work Papers6-38
- § 6:6 : How to Handle an IRS Audit6-39
- § 6:6.1 : Introduction6-39
- § 6:6.2 : Interview and Techniques6-44
- § 6:6.3 : Notice of Proposed Adjustment6-45
- § 6:6.4 : Agent’s Settlement Authority6-46
- § 6:6.5 : Do’s and Don’ts6-47
- § 6:6.6 : Audit Conclusions6-49
- [A] : No Change6-49
- [B] : Agreed Case6-49
- [C] : Unagreed Case6-49
- [D] : Partially Agreed Case6-51
- § 6:7 : Fast Track Dispute Resolution Program: Fast Track Mediation or Fast Track Settlement6-51
- § 6:8 : Thirty-Day Letter6-55
- § 6:9 : Extending the Statute of Limitations (and Taxpayer Bill of Rights 3)6-59
- § 6:10 : Statutory Notice of Deficiency6-66
- § 6:11 : Early Termination of Audits: Repetitive Audit Procedures6-67
- § 6:12 : Reopening of Case by Taxpayer Other Than by Filing Formal Claim: Audit Reconsiderations6-68
- § 6:13 : Abatement of Interest for IRS Errors and Delays, and Penalties for Erroneous IRS Advice6-71
- § 6:14 : Reopening of Closed Audit by IRS6-72
- § 6:15 : Rescission of the Ninety-Day Letter6-73
- § 6:16 : Abatement of Interest: Taxpayer Bill of Rights 26-75
- § 6:17 : Attorney-Client Privilege Extended to “Federally Authorized Tax Practitioners”6-78
- § 6:17.1 : Background6-78
- § 6:17.2 : Law6-80
- § 6:17.3 : Questions and Concerns6-85
- § 6:17.4 : Attorney-Client Privilege and Section 75256-88
- [A] : All Communications Between an Attorney or Practitioner and the Client Are Not Privileged Communications6-88
- [B] : The Privilege Does Not Apply to Communications with Third Parties6-89
- [C] : The Privilege Does Not Apply to the Preparation of Tax Returns6-90
- [D] : A Confidential Document Does Not Remain Privileged Regardless of Distribution6-91
- [D][1] : Voluntary Disclosure6-91
- [D][2] : Inadvertent Disclosure6-94
- [E] : Giving Preexisting Documents to an Attorney or Practitioner Does Not Qualify Them for the Privilege6-95
- [F] : The Tax Practitioner Privilege Is Not Unlimited6-95
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Chapter 7: |
Large Case Examinations |
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- § 7:1 : Large Business and International Division7-4
- § 7:1.1 : 2010 Organizational Structure Overview7-5
- § 7:1.2 : 2010 Organizational Structure Details7-6
- § 7:1.3 : 2010 Industry Segmentation7-8
- [A] : Financial Services and Healthcare7-8
- [B] : Retailers, Food, and Pharmaceutical7-8
- [C] : Natural Resources7-8
- [D] : Communications, Technology, and Media7-8
- [E] : Heavy Manufacturing, Construction, and Transportation7-9
- [F] : Global High Worth Industry Group7-9
- § 7:1.4 : October 1, 2012, LB&I Division Organizational Realignment7-10
- [A] : Sub-industry and Field Specialist Realignment7-10
- § 7:2 : What Is a Large Case Audit?7-11
- § 7:2.1 : Industry Case7-13
- § 7:2.2 : Coordinated Industry Case7-13
- § 7:3 : LB&I Examination7-15
- § 7:3.1 : IRS Currency Initiative7-16
- § 7:3.2 : IRS Planning Process7-18
- [A] : Examination Process7-20
- [A][1] : Preliminary Meetings and Discussions7-20
- [A][2] : IRS Planning Meeting(s)7-22
- [A][3] : Opening Conference7-23
- [A][4] : IRS Preliminary Examination Work and Risk Analysis7-24
- [A][5] : The Examination Plan7-26
- § 7:4 : Taxpayer Preparation for Large Case Examinations7-27
- § 7:4.1 : Preaudit Opening Meeting7-30
- § 7:4.2 : Other Factors to Consider for an LB&I Examination7-31
- [A] : Regular Communications with the Team Manager (aka Case Manager)7-31
- [B] : Communications with Other IRS Audit Personnel7-31
- [C] : Communications with and Access to Taxpayer’s Employees7-32
- [D] : Location/Retrieval of Records7-33
- [E] : IRS Requests for Documents and Information and Summonses7-34
- [F] : Affirmative Issue7-37
- [G] : Issue Resolution/Notices of Proposed Adjustments (NOPAs)7-38
- [H] : Involvement of IRS Counsel, Specialists, and Technical Advisors7-39
- [I] : Preliminary Strategies for Resolution7-40
- [J] : Accounting Method Issues7-41
- [K] : Impact on Future Years7-42
- [L] : Projected Audit Closing7-42
- [M] : Statute of Limitations7-43
- [N] : Risk Analysis7-44
- [O] : Agreements Reached During Prior Audits7-44
- [P] : Rollover Settlements7-44
- [Q] : IRS Accommodations7-44
- [R] : Security and Disclosure Concerns7-45
- [S] : Power(s) of Attorney7-46
- [T] : Audit Location7-46
- [U] : Requests for Tax Returns of Corporate Officials—Compliance Check7-47
- [V] : Be Familiar with Possible ADR Techniques7-48
- [W] : Be Familiar with the Achieving Quality Tax Examinations through Effective Planning, Execution and Resolution Process7-48
- [X] : Closing Conferences7-48
- § 7:4.3 : Appeals for LB&I Taxpayers7-52
- [A] : Pre-Conference Meeting7-52
- [B] : Opening Conference7-53
- [C] : Appeals Case Memorandums (ACMs)7-55
- [D] : Rapid Appeals Process (RAP)7-56
- [E] : Post-Settlement Conference7-57
- § 7:4.4 : Compliance Assurance Program (CAP)7-57
- [A] : CAP7-57
- [B] : Pre-CAP Description7-58
- [C] : CAP Compliance Maintenance7-58
- [D] : Description of the CAP Program7-60
- [E] : Aspects of the Program7-60
- [F] : Memorandum of Understanding7-61
- [G] : Assignment of Account Coordinator7-61
- [H] : Post-Filing Review7-62
- § 7:5 : Alternative Dispute Resolutions (ADRs)7-63
- § 7:5.1 : Pre-Filing Agreement Program7-64
- [A] : Exclusions7-65
- [B] : PFA Statistics7-67
- § 7:5.2 : Delegation Order 4-247-67
- § 7:5.3 : Delegation Order 4-257-69
- § 7:5.4 : Accelerated Issue Resolution (AIR)7-70
- § 7:5.5 : Revenue Procedure 94-69: Qualified Amended Return7-72
- § 7:5.6 : Superceded Returns Filed Prior to Expiration of Extended Due Date7-74
- § 7:5.7 : Limited Issue Focused Examination (LIFE)7-76
- § 7:5.8 : Fast Track Dispute Resolution Program: Fast Track Settlement7-79
- [A] : Overview7-79
- [B] : FTS Procedures7-79
- § 7:5.9 : Post-Appeals Mediation7-82
- § 7:5.10 : Appeals Arbitration7-85
- § 7:5.11 : Early Referral Program7-86
- § 7:5.12 : Comprehensive Case Resolution (CCR)7-87
- § 7:5.13 : Advanced Pricing Agreements (APA)7-88
- § 7:5.14 : APAs: Rollback of Transfer Pricing Method7-91
- § 7:5.15 : Advance Pricing and Mutual Agreement Program7-92
- § 7:5.16 : Competent Authority Process7-93
- § 7:6 : Policy of Restraint—Tax Accrual Workpapers (TAW)7-95
- § 7:6.1 : Overview7-95
- § 7:6.2 : Announcements 2010-9, 2010-17, 2010-30, 2010-75, and 2010-767-104
- § 7:7 : Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT)7-111
- § 7:7.1 : Background7-111
- § 7:7.2 : Joint Committee Criteria7-112
- § 7:7.3 : Cases Not Required to Be Reportable to the JCT7-114
- § 7:7.4 : Assessment Statute of Limitations and JCT7-116
- § 7:7.5 : JCT Pending in Appeals7-117
- § 7:7.6 : JCT Review7-117
- § 7:7.7 : Claims Rejected by Joint Committee7-117
- § 7:8 : LB&I Coordinated Issues7-119
- § 7:8.1 : All Industries (Cross All Industry Lines)7-119
- § 7:8.2 : Aerospace7-121
- § 7:8.3 : Agriculture7-121
- § 7:8.4 : Air Transportation7-122
- § 7:8.5 : Biotech7-122
- § 7:8.6 : Commercial Banking7-122
- § 7:8.7 : Construction/Real Estate7-122
- § 7:8.8 : Data Processing7-122
- § 7:8.9 : Food7-122
- § 7:8.10 : Forest Products7-122
- § 7:8.11 : Gaming7-123
- § 7:8.12 : Insurance, Blue Cross-Blue Shield/Health Insurance7-123
- § 7:8.13 : Insurance, Life7-123
- § 7:8.14 : Insurance, Property-Casualty7-123
- § 7:8.15 : Maquiladora7-123
- § 7:8.16 : Media/Communications7-123
- § 7:8.17 : Mining7-124
- § 7:8.18 : Motor Vehicle7-124
- § 7:8.19 : Partnership7-124
- § 7:8.20 : Petroleum7-124
- § 7:8.21 : Pharmaceutical7-124
- § 7:8.22 : Retail7-124
- § 7:8.23 : Savings & Loan7-125
- § 7:8.24 : Securities and Financial Service Firms7-125
- § 7:8.25 : Shipping7-125
- § 7:8.26 : Telecommunications7-125
- § 7:8.27 : Utilities7-126
- § 7:8.28 : Coordinated Issues—Listed Transactions7-126
- § 7:9 : IRS Tiered Issue Focus Strategy7-126
- § 7:10 : Issue Practice Groups and International Practice Networks7-128
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Chapter 8: |
Statute of Limitations/Assessments/Summary Assessments |
|
|
- § 8:1 : Overview of Assessments8-3
- § 8:1.1 : What Is an “Assessment”?8-4
- § 8:1.2 : What Is the Filing Date of a Return?8-6
- [A] : Early Return8-6
- [B] : Return of Certain Employment Taxes8-7
- [C] : Return Executed by Secretary8-7
- [D] : Return of Excise Taxes8-8
- § 8:1.3 : Mailbox Rule—Timely-Mailed, Timely-Filed, Timely-Paid8-8
- § 8:2 : Statute of Limitations—Assessments8-11
- § 8:2.1 : False Return8-12
- § 8:2.2 : Willful Attempt to Evade Tax8-13
- § 8:2.3 : No Return8-13
- § 8:2.4 : Extension by Agreement8-13
- § 8:2.5 : Tax Resulting from Changes in Certain Income Tax, Gift Tax or Estate Tax Credits8-14
- § 8:2.6 : Termination of Private Foundation Status8-15
- § 8:2.7 : Special Rule for Certain Amended Returns8-15
- § 8:2.8 : Failure to Notify Secretary of Certain Foreign Transfers8-15
- § 8:2.9 : Gift Tax on Certain Gifts Not Shown on Return8-15
- § 8:2.10 : Listed Transactions8-16
- § 8:2.11 : Section 6501(c)(8)8-16
- § 8:2.12 : Amended Returns8-20
- § 8:2.13 : Filing Date Falls on Saturday, Sunday, or Legal Holiday8-21
- § 8:2.14 : Superseding Returns Filed Prior to Expiration of Extended Due Date8-22
- § 8:2.15 : Request for Prompt Assessment8-23
- § 8:2.16 : Substantial Omission of Gross Income8-24
- [A] : Information with Respect to Foreign Financial Assets8-30
- § 8:2.17 : Personal Holding Company Tax8-31
- § 8:2.18 : Incorrect Return Filed8-32
- § 8:2.19 : Net Operating Loss or Capital Loss Carrybacks8-33
- [A] : IRS’s Ability to Adjust Attributes in Closed Years for NOL Determinations8-35
- [B] : Taxpayer’s Ability to Make Adjustments to Items in Closed Years for NOL Determinations8-36
- § 8:2.20 : Foreign Tax Carrybacks8-39
- § 8:2.21 : Credit Carrybacks8-40
- § 8:2.22 : Tentative Carryback Adjustment Assessment Period8-40
- § 8:2.23 : Pass-Through Entities (S Corporations, Partnerships, Trusts)8-41
- § 8:3 : Collection After Assessment8-42
- § 8:4 : Suspension of Assessment Statute8-43
- § 8:4.1 : Issuance of Notice of Deficiency8-43
- § 8:4.2 : Assets in Court Control or Custody8-45
- § 8:4.3 : Taxpayer Outside United States8-45
- § 8:4.4 : Extensions of Time for Payment of Estate Tax8-46
- § 8:4.5 : Extensions of Time for Payment of Tax Attributable to Recoveries of Foreign Expropriation Losses8-46
- § 8:4.6 : Wrongful Seizure8-46
- § 8:4.7 : Wrongful Lien8-46
- § 8:4.8 : Suspension Pending Correction8-47
- § 8:4.9 : Cases Under Title 11 United States Code (Bankruptcy and Receiverships)8-47
- § 8:4.10 : Extension of Time for Payment of Undistributed PFIC Earnings Tax Liability8-47
- § 8:4.11 : Designated Summonses8-48
- § 8:4.12 : Third-Party Summonses8-50
- § 8:5 : Mitigation of the Statute of Limitations8-51
- § 8:5.1 : Introduction8-51
- § 8:5.2 : Purpose of the Mitigation Provisions8-52
- § 8:5.3 : General Requirements8-53
- [A] : Determination8-54
- [B] : Some Bar to Adjustment8-55
- [C] : Inconsistent Position8-55
- [C][1] : What Meets the “Inconsistent Position” Requirement?8-56
- [C][2] : Active Versus Passive “Inconsistent Position”8-58
- [C][3] : Inconsistent Position Not Required8-59
- § 8:5.4 : Existence of a Relationship8-60
- § 8:5.5 : Circumstances of Adjustment8-61
- § 8:5.6 : Problem Areas Under Section 1312 Circumstances of Adjustment8-63
- § 8:5.7 : Method, Manner, and Procedure of Adjustment8-65
- § 8:6 : Summary Assessments—Jeopardy and Termination Assessments8-66
- § 8:6.1 : Jeopardy Levy Cases Outside Section 7429— Nature of Problem8-66
- § 8:6.2 : Termination Assessments Defined8-68
- § 8:6.3 : Jeopardy Assessments Defined8-70
- § 8:6.4 : Presumption Where Owner of Large Amount of Cash Is Not Identified8-71
- § 8:6.5 : Problem of Departing Aliens8-72
- § 8:6.6 : Issuance of Notice of Deficiency8-74
- § 8:6.7 : Amount Assessable8-75
- § 8:6.8 : Taxpayer Remedies for Jeopardy and Termination Assessments8-75
- [A] : Overview8-75
- [B] : Posting Bond to Stay Collection8-76
- [C] : Statutory Framework8-77
- [C][1] : Administrative Review8-78
- [C][2] : Judicial Review8-80
- [C][3] : Finality of Court Determination8-82
- [C][4] : Burden of Proof—In General8-83
- [C][5] : Burden of Proof—Section 74918-89
- [C][6] : Stay of Sale of Seized Property8-90
- § 8:6.9 : Other Types of Immediate Assessment8-91
- § 8:6.10 : Jeopardy Levy Procedures8-91
- § 8:6.11 : Jeopardy Levy Cases Outside Section 74298-93
- § 8:6.12 : Statute of Limitations for Refunds8-96
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Chapter 9: |
TEFRA |
|
|
- § 9:1 : Overview of TEFRA9-3
- § 9:1.1 : Prior Law9-3
- § 9:1.2 : Overview9-4
- § 9:1.3 : Significant Danger in TEFRA for Taxpayers9-6
- § 9:1.4 : TEFRA/Non-TEFRA Determination9-6
- § 9:1.5 : Some Key Differences Between TEFRA and Non-TEFRA Procedures9-10
- § 9:1.6 : Special Enforcement Areas9-12
- § 9:2 : New Terminology Under TEFRA9-13
- § 9:2.1 : Tax Matters Partner (TMP)9-13
- § 9:2.2 : Partner9-14
- § 9:2.3 : Notice and Non-Notice Partner9-14
- § 9:2.4 : Pass-Thru Partner9-14
- § 9:2.5 : Indirect Partner9-14
- § 9:2.6 : Investor9-14
- § 9:2.7 : Notice Group and 5% Group9-15
- § 9:2.8 : Partnership Item9-15
- § 9:2.9 : Non-Partnership Item9-15
- § 9:2.10 : Affected Item9-15
- § 9:2.10 : Affected Item9-15
- § 9:2.10 : Affected Item9-15
- § 9:2.10 : Affected Item9-15
- § 9:2.11 : Notice of Beginning of Administrative Proceeding (NBAP)9-16
- § 9:2.12 : Sixty-Day Letter9-16
- § 9:2.13 : Final Partnership Administrative Adjustment (FPAA)9-16
- § 9:2.14 : Request for Administrative Adjustment (AAR)9-17
- § 9:2.15 : Computational Adjustment9-17
- § 9:2.16 : Inconsistent Treatment9-17
- § 9:2.17 : Settlement Agreement9-18
- § 9:2.18 : Consistent Treatment9-18
- § 9:2.19 : Affected Items Statutory Notice of Deficiency9-18
- § 9:2.20 : Foreign Partnerships9-18
- § 9:3 : Tax Matters Partner (TMP)9-19
- § 9:3.1 : Designation of the TMP9-19
- § 9:3.2 : Authority and Responsibilities of the TMP9-21
- [A] : Generally9-21
- [B] : Treasury Regulation Section 301.6223(g)-19-23
- [C] : TMP’s Responsibilities Under the Tax Court Rules9-24
- [C][1] : Rule 241(f)(1)9-24
- [C][2] : Rule 241(g)9-24
- [C][3] : Rule 248(b)(3)9-24
- [C][4] : Rule 248(c)(2)9-24
- § 9:3.3 : Authority of Persons Other Than the TMP9-24
- § 9:4 : Partnership Items/Non-Partnership Items/Affected Items9-27
- § 9:4.1 : Partnership Items9-29
- § 9:4.2 : Computational and Substantive Affected Items9-31
- [A] : Outside Basis9-34
- [B] : At-Risk9-35
- [C] : Passive Losses9-35
- [D] : Cancellation of Indebtedness (COD)9-36
- § 9:4.3 : Non-Partnership Items9-36
- [A] : Conversion9-36
- [B] : Special Enforcement Areas9-37
- [C] : Election to Treat Partnership Items As Non-Partnership Items9-40
- [D] : Penalties9-40
- § 9:5 : Examination of a TEFRA Partnership Return9-42
- § 9:5.1 : Administrative Steps in an Audit of a TEFRA Return9-44
- § 9:5.2 : Examination9-45
- § 9:5.3 : TEFRA Appeals9-46
- § 9:5.4 : Affected TEFRA Court Actions9-47
- [A] : Court Filings by Tax Matters Partner Pursuant to Section 6226(a)9-47
- [B] : Filing by Notice Partner or Representative of 5% Group Pursuant to Section 6226(b)9-48
- [C] : Priority of Actions9-48
- § 9:6 : TEFRA Settlement Procedures9-49
- § 9:6.1 : Consistent Treatment9-51
- [A] : In General9-51
- [B] : Limitations on Requests for Consistent Treatment9-51
- § 9:6.2 : Effect of Settlement9-53
- [A] : General Rule of Conversion9-53
- [B] : Nonapplicability of Section 6601(c)9-54
- [C] : Partial Versus Complete Settlements9-54
- § 9:6.3 : Docketed Tax Court Case Settlement Procedure9-55
- § 9:7 : TEFRA Statute of Limitations on Assessment9-57
- § 9:8 : TEFRA Assessments9-59
- § 9:8.1 : Restriction on Assessment and Collection of Tax—General Rule9-59
- § 9:8.2 : Exceptions to the General Rule9-60
- § 9:8.3 : Assessment of Affected Items9-60
- § 9:8.4 : Period of Limitations for Making Assessments of Affected Items9-61
- § 9:8.5 : Computational Adjustments (Assessments)9-61
- § 9:8.6 : Procedures to Challenge a Computational Adjustment9-62
- § 9:9 : Administrative Adjustment Request Sections 6227 and 62289-64
- § 9:9.1 : Introduction9-64
- § 9:9.2 : Section 62279-65
- [A] : Limits on Filing AARs9-65
- [B] : TMP Filed AARs on Behalf of the Entire Partnership9-65
- [C] : Partner Filed AARs Not on Behalf of Entire Partnership9-66
- [D] : Time Limit for Making Refunds or Credits Under Section 62279-66
- § 9:9.3 : Section 62289-66
- [A] : Judicial Review of AARs on Behalf of Partnership9-66
- [B] : Coordination of TMP Petitions Under Section 6228(a) and FPAAs for the Same Year9-67
- [C] : Parties to Action, Scope of Judicial Review, and Review of Court Determination9-68
- [D] : Judicial Review of AARs on Behalf of the Partner and Not the Partnership9-68
- § 9:10 : Electing Large Partnerships9-69
- § 9:10.1 : Definition of an Electing Large Partnership9-70
- § 9:10.2 : Election Required to Be Treated As an ELP9-70
- § 9:10.3 : Exclusions from ELP9-70
- § 9:10.4 : Simplified Flow-Through to the Partners9-70
- § 9:10.5 : Treatment of Partnership Items and Adjustments9-71
- § 9:10.6 : Computing Imputed Underpayment9-72
- § 9:10.7 : Partnership May Be Liable for Imputed Underpayment9-72
- § 9:10.8 : Partnership Liable for Interest and Penalties9-72
- § 9:10.9 : Partnership-Level Adjustments9-72
- § 9:10.10 : Requests for Administrative Adjustment9-73
- § 9:10.11 : Partner with Authority9-73
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Chapter 10: |
Third-Party Liability |
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|
- § 10:1 : Introduction: Transferee and Fiduciary Liability10-4
- § 10:2 : Who Is the Transferee?10-4
- § 10:3 : How Does Transferee Liability Arise?10-4
- § 10:3.1 : At Law10-4
- § 10:3.2 : In Equity10-8
- § 10:4 : Extent of Liability of Transferee10-9
- § 10:5 : Special Problem of Life Insurance Proceeds10-10
- § 10:6 : Fiduciary Liability10-11
- § 10:7 : IRS Procedures10-12
- § 10:7.1 : Transferee Liability Cases10-12
- § 10:7.2 : Fiduciary Liability Cases10-14
- § 10:8 : Statute of Limitations10-15
- § 10:8.1 : Assessment10-15
- § 10:8.2 : Collection10-16
- § 10:9 : Bankruptcy10-17
- § 10:10 : Res Judicata10-17
- § 10:11 : Introduction: Trust Fund Recovery Penalty for Employment Taxes10-22
- § 10:12 : Penalty Equal to the Total Amount of Tax Evaded, Not Collected, or Not Accounted For and Paid Over10-24
- § 10:13 : The Responsible Person10-26
- § 10:13.1 : Tax-Exempt Organizations Exception: Taxpayer Bill of Rights 210-39
- § 10:13.2 : Statute of Limitations on Assessment and Collection10-40
- § 10:14 : Willfulness and Reasonable Cause10-42
- § 10:15 : Requirement of Corporate Insolvency10-52
- § 10:16 : Joint and Several Liability10-53
- § 10:16.1 : Contribution Under the Taxpayer Bill of Rights 210-53
- § 10:17 : Designation of Payments10-54
- § 10:18 : Liability of Third Persons10-57
- § 10:19 : Bankruptcy10-59
- § 10:20 : Burden of Proof10-59
- § 10:21 : Adjudicating the Controversy: Administrative and Judicial Remedies (Including Taxpayer Bill of Rights 2 and 3)10-64
- § 10:22 : Criminal Liability: Employment Tax Enforcement Program10-66
- § 10:22.1 : Employment Tax Schemes10-66
- [A] : Pyramiding10-66
- [B] : Employment Leasing10-67
- [C] : Paying Employees in Cash10-67
- [D] : Filing False Payroll Tax Returns or Failing to File Payroll Tax Returns10-67
- [E] : Frivolous Arguments10-67
- [F] : Offshore Employee Leasing10-67
- [G] : Misclassifying Worker Status10-68
- [H] : S Corporation Officers Compensation Treated As Corporate Distributions10-68
- [I] : Filing False Payroll Tax Returns or Failing to File Payroll Tax Returns10-68
- § 10:23 : Questionable Employment Tax Practice (QETP) Initiative Agreements10-69
- § 10:23.1 : Introduction10-69
- § 10:23.2 : QETP Definition10-69
- § 10:23.3 : General Overview of the Program10-69
- § 10:23.4 : Purpose of the MOU10-70
- § 10:23.5 : MOU Participants10-70
- § 10:23.6 : What Will Happen Under the MOU?10-71
- § 10:23.7 : QETP and Taxpayer Privacy10-72
- § 10:23.8 : QETP Beyond the MOU10-72
- § 10:24 : Introduction: Innocent Spouse10-73
- § 10:25 : Innocent Spouse Relief: Pre-Taxpayer Bill of Rights 310-73
- § 10:25.1 : Innocent Spouse Relief: Taxpayer Relief Act of 199710-78
- § 10:26 : Innocent Spouse and Separate Liability Elections: Taxpayer Bill of Rights 310-78
- § 10:26.1 : Innocent Spouse Election10-79
- [A] : Knowledge10-83
- [B] : Inequitable10-92
- [C] : Understatement10-96
- [D] : Apportionment of Relief10-97
- [E] : Burden of Proof10-98
- § 10:26.2 : Separate Liability Election10-98
- [A] : Burden of Proof10-99
- [B] : Individuals Eligible to Make Election10-99
- [C] : Time for Election10-101
- [D] : Election Not Valid with Respect to Certain Deficiencies Involving “Actual Knowledge”10-101
- [E] : Liability Increased by Reason of Transfers of Property to Avoid Tax10-105
- [F] : Allocation of Deficiency10-106
- § 10:26.3 : Tax Court Review10-109
- § 10:26.4 : Equitable Relief: Revenue Procedure 2000-15 (Requests Before November 1, 2003)10-111
- [A] : Eligibility to Be Considered for Equitable Relief: Threshold Conditions10-112
- [B] : Circumstances Under Which Equitable Relief Under Section 6015(f) Will Ordinarily Be Granted10-113
- [C] : Factors for Determining Whether to Grant Equitable Relief Under Section 66(c) or 6015(f)10-117
- [D] : Procedures to Request Relief Under Section 6115(f) or 66(c)10-121
- [E] : Effective Date10-125
- [F] : Burden of Proof: Abuse of Discretion Standard?10-126
- [G] : Fact-Sensitive Cases10-128
- § 10:26.5 : Equitable Relief: Revenue Procedure 2003-61 (Requests On or After November 1, 2003)10-129
- [A] : Eligibility for Equitable Relief10-130
- [B] : Circumstances Under Which the IRS Ordinarily Will Grant Equitable Relief Under Section 6015(f)10-132
- [C] : Factors for Determining Whether to Grant Equitable Relief10-133
- [D] : Refunds10-136
- [E] : Procedure10-137
- [F] : Effective Date10-137
- [G] : Burden of Proof: Abuse of Discretion Standard?10-137
- § 10:26.6 : Forms: Innocent Spouse Relief and Injured Spouse Claim10-139
- § 10:26.7 : Common Problems10-141
- § 10:26.8 : Effect of Innocent Spouse Relief on Other Spouse10-141
- § 10:26.9 : Types of Relief Requested and Impact on Collection10-142
- § 10:26.10 : Effect of Prior Closing Agreement or Offer in Compromise10-144
- § 10:26.11 : Effect of Fraud10-145
- § 10:26.12 : Scope of Section 601510-146
- § 10:26.13 : Time and Manner for Requesting Relief10-146
- § 10:26.14 : Notice to Nonrequesting Spouse10-150
- § 10:26.15 : Credits, Refunds, and Res Judicata10-153
- [A] : In General10-153
- [B] : Res Judicata10-153
- [C] : Credit and Refund Not Available Under Section 6015(c)10-157
- § 10:26.16 : Effect of a Previous Chapter 7 Bankruptcy10-157
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Chapter 11: |
Summons Power and Third-Party Contacts |
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|
- § 11:1 : Nature and Scope of the Summons Power11-2
- § 11:2 : Enforcement of the Summons11-9
- § 11:2.1 : The Powell Requirements11-15
- [A] : Legitimate Purpose11-15
- [A][1] : Sole Criminal Purpose11-15
- [A][2] : Dual Purpose Summonses11-21
- [B] : Relevance11-24
- [C] : Documents Not Already Possessed by the Service11-29
- [D] : Administrative Procedures11-33
- § 11:2.2 : Evidentiary Hearings and Discovery11-37
- § 11:2.3 : Request from a Foreign Government11-39
- § 11:3 : Third-Party Summonses11-40
- § 11:3.1 : Pre-Taxpayer Bill of Rights 311-40
- § 11:3.2 : Taxpayer Bill of Rights 311-44
- [A] : Taxpayer Bill of Rights 3 and Service by Mail to Third-Party Recordkeepers11-53
- § 11:4 : “John Doe” Summons11-55
- § 11:5 : Defenses to Summons Enforcement Actions11-56
- § 11:5.1 : Powell Defenses11-57
- § 11:5.2 : Privileges11-57
- [A] : Attorney-Client Privilege and Tax Practitioner Privileges11-57
- [B] : Work Product Doctrine11-67
- [C] : Fifth Amendment Privilege11-70
- § 11:5.3 : Miscellaneous Defenses11-78
- § 11:6 : Suspension of Statute of Limitations11-80
- § 11:6.1 : Miscellaneous Changes Made by Taxpayer Bill of Rights 211-81
- § 11:6.2 : Designated Summonses and Related Summonses11-81
- § 11:6.3 : Formal Document Request Under Section 98211-84
- § 11:7 : Notice of Contact of Third Parties11-86
- § 11:7.1 : Notice of Contact of Third Parties: Final Regulations11-87
- [A] : Third-Party Contacts: In General11-87
- [B] : “Initiated by an IRS Employee”11-88
- [C] : “Person Other Than the Taxpayer”11-90
- [D] : “With Respect to the Determination or Collection” of Tax11-91
- [E] : “Discloses the Identity of the Taxpayer Being Investigated”11-96
- [F] : “Discloses the Association of the IRS Employee”11-96
- [G] : Pre-Contact Notice Requirement11-97
- [H] : Post-Contact Reports Requirement11-97
- [I] : Exceptions11-102
- [J] : Effective Date11-108
- [K] : Taxpayer Remedy11-108
- § 11:7.2 : IRS Contact Letters11-108
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Chapter 12: |
Major Civil Penalties; and Appendix 12A |
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|
- § 12:1 : Introduction to Civil Penalties12-7
- § 12:2 : Penalty Proposed or Assessed— Now What Do I Do?12-10
- § 12:3 : Reasonable Cause12-11
- § 12:3.1 : Facts and Circumstances Taken into Account12-12
- § 12:3.2 : Ordinary Business Care and Prudence12-14
- § 12:3.3 : Reliance on Opinion or Advice12-15
- § 12:3.4 : Written Advice from the IRS12-19
- § 12:3.5 : Oral Advice from the IRS12-19
- § 12:3.6 : Ignorance of the Law12-20
- § 12:3.7 : Mistake Was Made12-21
- § 12:3.8 : Death, Serious Illness, or Unavoidable Absence12-21
- § 12:3.9 : Administrative Waiver12-22
- § 12:3.10 : Fire, Casualty, Natural Disaster, or Other Disturbance12-23
- § 12:3.11 : Official Disaster Area12-23
- § 12:3.12 : Reasonable Cause Exceptions Expanded12-23
- § 12:4 : Procedural Rules—Requesting Penalty Relief12-24
- § 12:4.1 : Assessable Penalties12-24
- § 12:4.2 : Post-Assessment Review12-25
- § 12:4.3 : Pre-Assessment Review by Appeals12-27
- § 12:4.4 : Deficiency Procedures12-28
- § 12:4.5 : Appeals Review of International Penalties12-29
- § 12:4.6 : Penalty Abatement Request12-30
- § 12:4.7 : TEFRA Partnership Penalties12-31
- § 12:5 : Taxpayer Penalties12-32
- § 12:5.1 : Failure to Timely File Tax Return12-32
- § 12:5.2 : Fraudulent Failure to File12-38
- § 12:5.3 : Failure-to-Pay Penalty12-39
- [A] : Mitigation of Penalty for Individual’s Failure to Pay During Period of Installment Agreement12-43
- § 12:5.4 : Estimated Taxes12-44
- [A] : Failure by an Individual to Pay Estimated Income Tax (Section 6654)12-45
- [B] : Failure by a Corporation to Pay Estimated Income Tax (Section 6655)12-47
- [B][1] : Annualized Income Installment or Adjusted Seasonal Installment Method12-48
- § 12:5.5 : Accuracy-Related Penalties12-48
- [A] : In General12-48
- [B] : Negligence or Disregard of Rules or Regulations12-52
- [B][1] : Negligence12-54
- [B][2] : Reasonable Basis12-57
- [B][3] : Disregard of Rules and Regulations12-57
- [B][4] : Disclosure, Reasonable Cause, and Good Faith12-58
- [B][5] : Exception for Adequate Disclosure12-59
- [B][6] : Method of Making Disclosure12-59
- [B][7] : Burden of Proof12-61
- [C] : Any Substantial Understatement of Income Tax12-61
- [C][1] : In General12-61
- [C][2] : Substantial Authority Standard12-62
- [C][3] : Determination of Whether Substantial Authority Is Present: Evaluation of Authorities12-63
- [C][4] : Determination of Whether Substantial Authority Is Present: Nature of Analysis12-63
- [C][5] : Determination of Whether Substantial Authority Is Present: Types of Authority12-64
- [C][6] : Determination of Whether Substantial Authority Is Present: Special Rules12-66
- [C][6][a] : Written Determinations12-66
- [C][6][b] : Taxpayer’s Jurisdiction12-66
- [C][6][c] : When Substantial Authority Is Determined12-67
- [C][6][d] : List of Positions12-67
- [C][7] : Adequate Disclosure12-67
- [C][8] : Method of Making Adequate Disclosure12-68
- [D] : Any Substantial Valuation Misstatement12-70
- [D][1] : Transfer Pricing Underpayments12-71
- [D][2] : Substantial Valuation Misstatement12-72
- [D][3] : Specified Method with Documentation Exclusion12-73
- [D][4] : Foreign-to-Foreign Transaction Exclusion12-74
- [D][5] : 2001 Report on the Effectiveness of Section 6662(e)12-74
- [E] : Any Substantial Overstatement of Pension Liabilities12-75
- [F] : Any Substantial Estate or Gift Tax Valuation Understatement12-75
- [G] : Any Disallowance of Claimed Tax Benefits by Reason of a Transaction Lacking Economic Substance (Within the Meaning of Section 7701(o)) or Failing to Meet the Requirements of Any Similar Rule of Law12-76
- [H] : Penalties for Underpayments Attributable to Undisclosed Foreign Financial Assets12-79
- [I] : Increase in Penalty in Case of Gross Valuation Misstatements12-81
- [J] : Reasonable Cause Exception to Section 6662 Penalties12-82
- [J][1] : Reasonable Cause in TEFRA Cases12-83
- [J][2] : Special Rules for Tax Shelter Items12-86
- [K] : Qualified Amended Return and Revenue Procedure 94-6912-86
- § 12:5.6 : Reportable Transactions Penalty12-89
- [A] : Reportable Transaction Understatement12-90
- [B] : Item Defined12-90
- [C] : Higher Penalty for Nondisclosed Items12-90
- [D] : New Reasonable Cause Exception12-91
- [E] : Definitions of Reportable and Listed Transactions12-93
- [F] : Special Rules: Coordination with Penalties on Other Understatements12-93
- [G] : Special Rules: Coordination with Other Penalties12-93
- [H] : Special Rule for Amended Returns12-94
- [I] : Interest on Unpaid Taxes Attributable to Non-Disclosed Reportable Transactions12-94
- § 12:5.7 : Erroneous Claim for Refund or Credit Penalty12-94
- [A] : Section 667612-94
- [B] : Calculation of the Section 6676 Penalty12-96
- § 12:5.8 : Civil Fraud12-97
- [A] : Pre-1987 Tax Returns12-98
- [B] : Pre-1990 Tax Returns12-98
- [C] : Post-1989 Tax Returns12-99
- [D] : The Meaning of Fraud12-99
- § 12:5.9 : International Penalties12-108
- [A] : Section 603812-109
- [A][1] : Substantial Compliance12-110
- [A][2] : Reasonable Cause Defense to Section 603812-115
- § 12:5.10 : Sanctions and Costs for Delay or Frivolity (Section 6673)12-121
- § 12:5.11 : Frivolous Tax Returns and Submissions (Section 6702)12-124
- [A] : Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 200612-124
- [A][1] : Penalty for Frivolous Returns12-124
- [A][2] : Penalty for Frivolous Submissions12-125
- [A][3] : Listing of Frivolous Positions12-125
- [A][4] : Reduction of Penalty12-126
- [A][5] : Penalty in Addition to Other Penalties12-126
- [A][6] : Effective Date12-126
- § 12:5.12 : Unauthorized Inspection or Disclosure of Returns and Unauthorized Collection Actions12-126
- § 12:5.13 : Suspension of Interest and Penalties Where the IRS Fails to Contact the Taxpayer (Section 6404(g))12-134
- [A] : Notice Requirement: IRS Position12-136
- [B] : Tax Court Litigation12-137
- [C] : Voluntary Reporting of Additional Taxes12-137
- [D] : Final Regulations Issued12-138
- § 12:5.14 : Interest on Taxes Abated in Federally Declared Disaster Areas12-138
- [A] : Required Notices12-138
- § 12:5.15 : Designation of Tax Deposits to Mitigate the Failure-to-Deposit Penalty (Section 6656)12-139
- § 12:6 : Tax Shelters/Reportable Transactions12-139
- § 12:6.1 : Historical Perspective12-139
- [A] : Office of Tax Shelter Analysis12-140
- § 12:6.2 : Sweeping Changes to the Federal Tax Shelter Rules12-141
- § 12:6.3 : Transactions Entered into Before January 1, 200312-141
- [A] : Listed Transaction (or Substantially Similar Listed Transaction)12-143
- [B] : Other Reportable Transactions (Potentially Abusive Tax Shelter)12-143
- § 12:6.4 : General Disclosure Principles (Section 6011)12-145
- [A] : Additional Modifications12-147
- [B] : Final Regulations12-148
- [B][1] : In General12-148
- [B][2] : Listed Transactions12-149
- [B][2][a] : Listed Transactions in Chronological Order12-149
- [B][3] : Reportable Transactions12-151
- [B][3][a] : Confidential Transactions12-151
- [B][3][b] : Transactions with Contractual Protection12-152
- [B][3][c] : Loss Transactions12-153
- [B][4] : Transactions of Interest12-156
- [C] : Transactions Involving a Brief Asset Holding Period12-158
- [D] : Special Participation Rules for Reporting Shareholders12-159
- [D][1] : Definition of “Reporting Shareholder”12-159
- [D][2] : Reportable Transactions12-159
- [E] : Disclosure12-160
- [E][1] : Special Rules12-160
- [E][2] : Registration Numbers12-161
- [F] : Record Retention Requirements12-161
- § 12:7 : Promoting Abusive Tax Shelters (Section 6700)12-161
- § 12:8 : Penalties for Aiding and Abetting Understatement of Tax Liability (Section 6701)12-163
- § 12:9 : Procedures Applicable to Penalties Found in Sections 6700 and 670112-165
- § 12:10 : Actions to Enjoin Promoters of Abusive Tax Shelters and Other Individuals and Conduct12-167
- § 12:11 : Investor List Maintenance Requirements12-169
- § 12:11.1 : Background12-169
- § 12:11.2 : Persons Required to Maintain Lists of Investors and Composition of the Lists12-170
- § 12:11.3 : Maintaining the List12-171
- § 12:11.4 : Furnishing the List to the IRS12-171
- § 12:11.5 : Failure-to-Maintain-List Penalty12-171
- § 12:12 : Registration of Tax Shelters; Material Advisors12-172
- § 12:13 : State Tax Shelter Rules12-174
- § 12:13.1 : California Tax Shelter Rules12-175
- [A] : Registration Requirements12-175
- [B] : Maintenance of Investor Lists12-176
- § 12:13.2 : Illinois Tax Shelter Rules12-176
- [A] : Registration12-177
- [B] : Maintenance of Investor Lists12-177
- § 12:13.3 : New York Tax Shelter Rules12-178
- [A] : Registration12-178
- [B] : List Maintenance12-179
- § 12:13.4 : Minnesota Tax Shelter Rules12-179
- [A] : Registration12-180
- [B] : List Maintenance12-181
- § 12:13.5 : West Virginia Tax Shelter Rules12-181
- [A] : Registration12-181
- [B] : List Maintenance12-182
- § 12:13.6 : Utah Tax Shelter Rules12-183
- [A] : Registration12-184
- [B] : List Maintenance12-184
- § 12:13.7 : Oregon Tax Shelter Rules12-184
- § 12:13.8 : Wisconsin Tax Shelter Rules12-185
- [A] : Registration12-185
- [B] : List Maintenance12-186
- § 12:13.9 : Colorado Tax Shelter Rules12-186
- [A] : Penalty for Failure to Disclose12-187
- [B] : Material Advisor Disclosure of Reportable or Listed Transactions12-187
- [C] : Maintenance of List12-187
- [D] : Material Advisor Penalties12-187
- § 12:14 : Failure to Furnish Information Regarding Reportable Transactions (Section 6707)12-188
- § 12:15 : Taxpayer’s Failure to Include Reportable Transaction Information with Return (Section 6707A)12-190
- § 12:15.1 : Imposition of Penalty12-191
- § 12:15.2 : Failure to Disclose—Extension of the Statute of Limitations12-192
- § 12:15.3 : Amount of Penalty12-192
- § 12:15.4 : Definitions12-192
- § 12:15.5 : Authority to Rescind Penalty12-193
- § 12:15.6 : No Judicial Appeal12-194
- § 12:15.7 : Penalty Reported to the SEC12-194
- § 12:15.8 : Coordination with Other Penalties12-195
- § 12:15.9 : Reporting by the Commissioner12-195
- § 12:16 : Excise Tax on Certain Tax-Exempt Entities Entering into Prohibited Tax Shelter Transactions12-196
- § 12:16.1 : Background12-196
- § 12:16.2 : Being a Party to or Approving of Prohibited Transactions12-196
- [A] : Tax-Exempt Entity12-196
- [B] : Entity Manager12-197
- [C] : Tax Imposed on Entity: No Knowledge or Reason to Know12-197
- [D] : Tax Imposed on Entity: Knowing or Reason to Know12-198
- [E] : Tax Imposed on Entity Manager12-199
- § 12:16.3 : Tax-Exempt Entity Defined12-200
- § 12:16.4 : Entity Manager Defined12-200
- § 12:16.5 : Disclosure Requirements12-201
- § 12:16.6 : Prohibited Tax Shelter Transaction Defined12-202
- § 12:16.7 : Subsequently Listed Transaction Defined12-202
- § 12:16.8 : Regulatory Authority12-202
- § 12:16.9 : Coordination with Other Taxes and Effective Date12-203
- § 12:17 : Failure to Maintain Lists of Advisees with Respect to Reportable Transactions12-203
- § 12:18 : Understatement of Taxpayer’s Liability by Tax Return Preparer (Section 6694)12-204
- § 12:18.1 : Section 6694—Historical Perspective12-205
- § 12:18.2 : Section 6694—Current Perspective12-210
- § 12:18.3 : Who Is a Tax Return Preparer?12-212
- § 12:18.4 : One Preparer Per Position Per Firm12-214
- § 12:18.5 : Examples of “Tax Returns”12-216
- § 12:18.6 : Return Affecting Related Entries12-218
- § 12:18.7 : Income Derived or to Be Derived12-219
- § 12:18.8 : Definition of Tax Return Preparer12-221
- § 12:18.9 : Who Is Not a Tax Return Preparer?12-222
- § 12:18.10 : Date Return Is Deemed Prepared12-223
- § 12:19 : Understatements Due to Unreasonable Positions (Being Sustained on the Merits)12-224
- § 12:19.1 : Exception for Reasonable Cause and Good Faith12-228
- § 12:19.2 : Exception for Adequate Disclosure of Reasonable Basis Position12-230
- § 12:20 : Understatements Due to Willful or Reckless Conduct (Section 6694(b))12-233
- § 12:20.1 : Exceptions for Adequate Disclosure, Etc.12-234
- § 12:20.2 : Section 6694 Returns and Claims for Refund12-235
- § 12:20.3 : Procedures for Assessment and Collection of Penalty12-236
- § 12:20.4 : Burden of Proof12-237
- § 12:20.5 : Administrative Appeal Rights and Abatement of Penalty12-238
- § 12:21 : Other Penalties for Income Tax Return Preparers (Section 6695)12-241
- § 12:22 : Injunctions Against Tax Return Preparers12-245
- § 12:23 : OPR Referrals of Assessed Preparer Penalties12-246
- § 12:24 : Improper Disclosure of Information12-248
- § 12:25 : Monetary Penalties Under the American Jobs Creation Act of 200412-251
- § 12:26 : Substantial and Gross Valuation Misstatements Attributable to Incorrect Appraisals12-252
- § 12:27 : Civil FBAR Penalties12-253
- § 12:27.1 : Willful Standard and Burden of Proof12-258
- § 12:27.2 : Is a Foreign Credit Card a Financial Account?12-261
- Appendix 12A : Summary Chart for Civil Tax-Related PenaltiesApp. 12A-1
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Chapter 13: |
Civil and Criminal Tax Fraud; and Appendix 13A |
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- § 13:1 : Introduction13-4
- § 13:2 : Four Major Tax Crimes13-8
- § 13:2.1 : Shorthand Formula for Any Criminal Tax Case13-8
- § 13:2.2 : Section 7201 Attempt to Evade or Defeat Tax13-9
- [A] : Additional Tax Due and Owing13-12
- [B] : Defendant Knew More Federal Income Tax Was Owed13-16
- [C] : Affirmative Attempt to Evade or Defeat13-16
- [D] : Defendant Acted Willfully13-21
- [E] : Civil Fraud Considerations13-30
- § 13:2.3 : Section 7206(1) Fraud and False Statement13-32
- [A] : Return, Statement, or Document13-34
- [B] : “Makes” Any Return, Statement, or Document13-36
- [C] : “Subscribes” Any Return, Statement, or Document13-38
- [D] : Made Under Penalties of Perjury13-40
- [E] : False Material Matter13-41
- [F] : Willfulness—Does Not Believe to Be True and Correct13-51
- § 13:2.4 : Section 7206(2) Assisting in the Preparation of a False Return13-54
- [A] : Aiding and Assisting13-56
- [B] : False Material Matter13-61
- [C] : Willfulness13-62
- § 13:2.5 : 18 U.S.C. § 371 Conspiracy to Commit Offense or to Defraud the United States13-64
- [A] : Agreement13-66
- [B] : Membership13-69
- [C] : Overt Act13-70
- [D] : The Klein Conspiracy: Conspiracy to Defraud the United States13-72
- § 13:2.6 : General Observations About These Four Tax Crimes13-93
- § 13:2.7 : Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt in a Tax Prosecution13-94
- § 13:2.8 : Common Defenses Raised in Tax Prosecutions13-95
- [A] : Good Faith13-95
- [B] : Reliance on Return Preparer/Accountant13-97
- [C] : Reliance on Advice of Counsel13-98
- [D] : Cheek No Defense in Non-Tax Cases13-99
- [E] : Fifth Amendment—Freedom from Self-incrimination13-99
- [F] : IRS Deception13-102
- [G] : Selective Prosecution Defense13-104
- § 13:2.9 : Methods of Proving the Tax Deficiency13-106
- [A] : In General13-107
- [B] : Specific Items Method of Proof13-110
- [C] : Bank Deposits Method of Proof13-111
- [D] : Net Worth Method of Proof13-118
- [E] : Expenditures Method of Proof13-122
- [F] : The Cash Method of Proof13-125
- [G] : Percentage Mark-Up13-125
- § 13:2.10 : Proving Willfulness—Badges of Fraud13-126
- [A] : Classic Spies Badges of Fraud13-126
- [B] : More Badges of Fraud13-127
- [C] : Additional Badges of Fraud from Former IRM 94013-128
- [D] : Badges of Fraud in Civil Cases13-131
- § 13:2.11 : Final Comments on Willfulness13-134
- § 13:3 : Other Tax Crimes13-138
- § 13:3.1 : Section 7203 Willful Failure to File Return, Supply Information, or Pay Tax13-138
- § 13:3.2 : Section 7207 Fraudulent Returns, Statements, or Other Documents13-139
- § 13:3.3 : Section 7202 Willful Failure to Collect or Pay Tax13-139
- § 13:3.4 : Section 7204 Fraudulent Statement or Failure to Make Statement to Employees13-140
- § 13:3.5 : Section 7205 Fraudulent Withholding Exemptions Certificate or Failure to Supply Information13-143
- § 13:3.6 : Fraud and False Statements13-143
- [A] : Section 7206(3) Fraudulent Bonds, Permits, and Entries13-143
- [B] : Section 7206(4) Removal or Concealment with Intent to Defraud13-143
- [C] : Section 7206(5) Compromises and Closing Agreements13-144
- § 13:3.7 : Section 7210 Failure to Obey Summons13-144
- § 13:3.8 : Section 7212 Attempts to Interfere with Administration of Internal Revenue Laws13-145
- § 13:3.9 : Section 7213(a)(1)–(4) Unauthorized Disclosure of Returns and Return Information13-145
- § 13:3.10 : Section 7216 Disclosure or Use of Information by Preparers of Tax Returns13-146
- § 13:3.11 : Section 7214(a) Offenses by Officers and Employees of the United States13-147
- § 13:4 : Statute of Limitations13-148
- § 13:5 : Evolution of a Criminal Tax Case13-150
- § 13:5.1 : Pre-CI Referral—the Eggshell Audit13-151
- § 13:5.2 : Fraud Technical Advisor13-152
- § 13:5.3 : IRS Criminal Referrals13-153
- § 13:5.4 : Investigation by CI—Administrative Versus Grand Jury Investigations13-159
- [A] : Background13-159
- [B] : Administrative Investigation13-161
- [C] : Grand Jury Investigation13-161
- § 13:5.5 : Authorization by Department of Justice Tax Division13-162
- § 13:5.6 : Government’s Standard of Review for a Criminal Tax Case13-163
- § 13:6 : How to Spot a Criminal Investigation13-164
- § 13:7 : Representing the Taxpayer Before Indictment in a Criminal Investigation13-166
- § 13:8 : Voluntary Disclosure13-170
- § 13:8.1 : In General13-172
- § 13:8.2 : Voluntary Disclosure—July 16, 2002 Version13-175
- § 13:8.3 : Voluntary Disclosure—Revised December 11, 2002 Version13-177
- § 13:8.4 : Voluntary Disclosure—Revised September 9, 2004 Version13-181
- § 13:8.5 : Voluntary Disclosure—Revised March 26, 2009 Version, Regarding Secret Foreign Bank Accounts13-186
- § 13:8.6 : Voluntary Disclosure—Revised June 26, 2009 Version13-187
- § 13:8.7 : General Procedures for Voluntary Disclosure13-190
- [A] : Make Sure There Is No Triggering Event13-190
- [B] : Tell the Client He Will Be Identified to the IRS13-190
- [C] : Do Not Incriminate the Client13-190
- [D] : Move Quickly13-192
- [E] : Do Not File Fraudulent Amended Returns13-192
- [F] : File Enough Returns13-193
- [G] : Quiet or Noisy Voluntary Disclosure?13-193
- § 13:9 : Dual Prosecution13-194
- § 13:10 : Miranda Warnings13-195
- § 13:11 : IRS Undercover Operations13-197
- § 13:12 : Government Violation of Taxpayer Bill of Rights13-203
- § 13:13 : Parallel Investigations13-204
- § 13:13.1 : In General13-204
- § 13:13.2 : Background13-205
- § 13:13.3 : Government Participants in Six-Way Conference13-206
- § 13:13.4 : Goals and Topics Discussed in Six-Way Conference13-207
- § 13:13.5 : Factors and Determinations in Parallel Investigations13-207
- § 13:13.6 : Sharing Information13-208
- § 13:13.7 : Coordination of Participant Examinations13-209
- § 13:13.8 : Parallel Investigations and Collection Matters13-210
- § 13:14 : Phishing Initiative13-210
- § 13:15 : Whistleblower Program13-211
- § 13:15.1 : Introduction13-211
- § 13:15.2 : Awards in General13-212
- § 13:15.3 : Awards in Cases of Less Substantial Contribution13-214
- § 13:15.4 : Reduction in or Denial of Award13-215
- § 13:15.5 : Appeal of Award Determination13-215
- § 13:15.6 : Additional Rules13-215
- § 13:15.7 : Effective Date13-215
- § 13:15.8 : Above the Line Deduction for Attorneys’ Fees and Court Costs13-216
- § 13:16 : Whistleblower Office13-216
- § 13:16.1 : Establishment of Office and Guidance13-216
- § 13:16.2 : Operation of Office13-216
- § 13:16.3 : Request for Assistance13-216
- § 13:16.4 : Report by Secretary13-217
- Appendix 13A : Criminal Penalties in Tax Related MattersApp. 13A-1
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Chapter 14: |
Administrative Appeal |
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- § 14:1 : Introduction14-3
- § 14:1.1 : Reorganization of the Appeals Office14-5
- § 14:2 : When to Appeal14-8
- § 14:3 : Must the Service Grant an Appeal?14-9
- § 14:4 : How to Appeal14-10
- § 14:4.1 : Procedural Requirements14-10
- § 14:4.2 : Written Protest14-11
- § 14:4.3 : Appeals’ Representation14-15
- § 14:4.4 : Appeals Conference14-15
- § 14:5 : Negotiations, Settlement Practices, and the Hazards of Litigation14-19
- § 14:5.1 : Hazards of Litigation14-19
- § 14:5.2 : Controlling Law14-21
- § 14:5.3 : Golsen Rule14-22
- § 14:5.4 : Settlements in General14-22
- § 14:5.5 : Mutual Concession Settlements14-23
- § 14:5.6 : Split-Issue Settlements14-23
- § 14:5.7 : Nuisance Value Settlements14-24
- § 14:5.8 : Qualified Settlement Offer14-24
- § 14:5.9 : Technical Advice14-25
- § 14:5.10 : Appeals Case Memorandums (ACMs)14-26
- § 14:5.11 : Docketed Cases14-26
- § 14:5.12 : New Issues14-27
- § 14:5.13 : Whipsaw Issues14-28
- § 14:5.14 : Penalties14-29
- § 14:5.15 : Settlements That Affect Later Taxable Years14-29
- § 14:5.16 : Agreement Forms14-30
- [A] : Forms 870 and 870-AD14-30
- [B] : Closing Agreements14-33
- [C] : Settlement Agreements in Docketed Tax Court Cases14-37
- [D] : Collateral Agreements Distinguished14-37
- § 14:6 : Joint Committee Cases14-38
- § 14:7 : Alternative Dispute Resolution14-38
- § 14:7.1 : Post-Appeals Mediation14-39
- [A] : Confidentiality and Ex Parte14-43
- [B] : Appeals Procedures Apply14-43
- [C] : Practical Observations14-44
- § 14:7.2 : Appeals Arbitration Program14-45
- [A] : Background14-45
- [B] : Scope of Arbitration: When is Arbitration Available?14-46
- [C] : Application Process14-47
- [D] : Arbitration Session14-48
- [E] : Post-Session Procedure14-48
- § 14:8 : Appeals Coordinated Issues14-49
- § 14:9 : Technical Advisor Coordinated Issues14-50
- § 14:10 : Appeals Settlement Guidelines on Compliance Coordinated Issues14-50
- § 14:11 : Unagreed Non-Docketed Case14-51
- § 14:12 : Ex Parte Communications Prohibited14-51
- § 14:12.1 : General Definition of “Ex Parte”14-52
- § 14:12.2 : Types of Communications Prohibited14-52
- § 14:12.3 : Types of Communications Not Prohibited14-52
- § 14:12.4 : Administrative File Not a Communication14-53
- § 14:12.5 : Preliminary Review Considerations14-54
- § 14:12.6 : Premature Appeals14-56
- § 14:12.7 : New Issues14-56
- § 14:12.8 : Ongoing Communications with Originating Function14-57
- § 14:12.9 : New Facts or Evidence14-57
- § 14:12.10 : Communications with Counsel14-58
- § 14:12.11 : Joint Committee Communications14-59
- § 14:12.12 : Taxpayer Advocate Service14-59
- § 14:12.13 : Outside Experts14-59
- § 14:12.14 : “Opportunity to Participate”14-60
- § 14:12.15 : Waiver14-61
- § 14:12.16 : Pre-Settlement and Post-Settlement Conferences14-61
- § 14:12.17 : Compliance and Taxpayer Remedies14-62
- § 14:13 : Collection Due Process Hearing14-69
- § 14:14 : Rapid Response Appeals Process (RRAP)14-72
- § 14:15 : Rapid Appeals Process (RAP)14-73
- § 14:16 : Can the Taxpayer Record a Collection Due Process Hearing with Appeals?14-73
- § 14:16.1 : Legal Basis and Background for Recording14-74
- § 14:16.2 : IRS Interpretation of the Law and Former Policy14-74
- § 14:16.3 : Tax Court’s View in Keene v. Commissioner14-75
- § 14:16.4 : Current IRS Position14-78
- § 14:16.5 : Evolution of Keene v. Commissioner14-79
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Chapter 15: |
Tax Court Litigation and Claims for Refunds |
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- § 15:1 : Introduction15-5
- § 15:2 : Organization of Tax Court15-5
- § 15:2.1 : In General15-5
- § 15:2.2 : Matters Allowed to the Special Trial Judges15-7
- § 15:2.3 : Jurisdiction Overview15-7
- § 15:2.4 : Jurisdiction Over Deficiency Proceedings15-8
- [A] : Valid Statutory Notice of Deficiency15-9
- [A][1] : Existence of a Deficiency15-9
- [A][2] : Deficiency Tax15-9
- [A][3] : The Last Known Address Issue15-10
- [A][4] : The Scar Issue15-10
- [A][5] : Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction15-11
- [B] : Timely Tax Court Petition15-11
- [B][1] : Mailbox Rule—Timely-Mailed, Timely-Filed, Timely-Paid15-12
- § 15:2.5 : Extent of Tax Court Jurisdiction Over Deficiency Proceedings15-24
- [A] : Jurisdiction Over Additional Issues15-24
- [B] : Incidental Refund Jurisdiction15-24
- [C] : Equitable Recoupment Jurisdiction15-25
- § 15:2.6 : Jurisdiction Over Non-Deficiency Proceedings15-27
- [A] : Determination of Innocent Spouse and Joint Return Separate Liability Elections15-28
- [B] : Review of Final Partnership Administrative Adjustments Under TEFRA15-39
- [C] : Review of Partnership Administrative Adjustments Where Administrative Adjustment Request Is Not Allowed in Full Under TEFRA15-40
- [D] : Review of Final Partnership Administrative Adjustments for Large Partnership Under TEFRA15-40
- [E] : Review of Large Partnership Administrative Adjustments Where Administrative Adjustment Request Is Not Allowed in Full Under TEFRA15-40
- [F] : Statutory Interest Determinations15-40
- [G] : Review of Abatement of Interest Denials15-41
- [H] : Awarding Reasonable Litigation and Administrative Costs15-44
- [I] : Enforcement of Overpayment Decisions15-44
- [J] : Modification of Decisions in Section 6166 Estate Tax Cases15-46
- [K] : Review of Jeopardy Assessments in Ongoing Tax Court Cases15-46
- [L] : Review of Certain Sales of Seized Property15-47
- [M] : Collection Due Process Actions for Release of Liens and Levies15-47
- [N] : Disclosure Actions15-49
- [O] : Injunction Authority15-49
- § 15:2.7 : Jurisdiction Over Administrative Determinations by the IRS15-50
- [A] : Declaratory Judgment Relating to Oversheltered Return15-50
- [B] : Declaratory Judgment Relating to Qualification of Exempt Organization15-50
- [C] : Declaratory Judgment Relating to Worker Classification15-51
- [D] : Declaratory Judgment Relating to Qualification of Retirement Plan15-54
- [E] : Declaratory Judgment Relating to Gift Valuation15-54
- [F] : Declaratory Judgment Relating to Government Obligations15-54
- [G] : Declaratory Judgment Relating to Eligibility of an Estate to Make Installment Payments Under Section 616615-54
- [H] : Whistleblower Award Actions15-55
- § 15:2.8 : Special Trial Judge Reports: Ballard v. Commissioner15-55
- [A] : Background15-55
- [B] : Special Trial Judge Reports: Post-Ballard v. Commissioner Amendments to Tax Court Rules of Practice15-58
- § 15:2.9 : Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure15-59
- § 15:3 : Tax Court Litigation15-61
- § 15:3.1 : In General15-61
- § 15:4 : Practice Before the Tax Court15-61
- § 15:5 : Tax Court Versus Other Forums15-62
- [A] : U.S. District Courts15-62
- [B] : Federal Court of Appeals15-64
- [C] : U.S. Court of Federal Claims15-64
- [D] : U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit15-65
- § 15:5.1 : Factors to Consider15-66
- [A] : Payment of Deficiency15-66
- [B] : Trial by Jury15-67
- [C] : Geography, Precedent, and Timetable15-68
- [D] : Lower Court and Appellate Considerations15-69
- [E] : Increased Tax Deficiency15-70
- [F] : Government Representation15-71
- [G] : Availability of Discovery15-71
- [H] : Small Tax Case Procedures15-72
- [I] : Off-the-Record Telephone Conference Calls and Chamber’s Conferences15-72
- § 15:5.2 : Res Judicata and Collateral Estoppel15-73
- § 15:6 : Commencing a Tax Court Case15-80
- § 15:6.1 : Disclosure Statement15-81
- § 15:6.2 : Service of Papers15-81
- § 15:6.3 : Form and Style of Papers15-82
- § 15:6.4 : Appearance by Counsel15-83
- § 15:6.5 : Pleadings15-84
- [A] : General Rules15-84
- [B] : Form Required15-84
- [C] : Petition15-85
- [C][1] : Petition for Innocent Spouse or Separate Liability Election: The “Stand-Alone Proceeding”15-89
- [C][2] : Petition for Award of Reasonable Administrative Costs15-92
- [C][3] : Petition for Lien or Levy Action15-95
- [D] : Commissioner’s Answer15-96
- [E] : Petitioner’s Reply15-98
- [F] : Amended and Supplemental Pleadings15-99
- § 15:6.6 : Motions15-100
- § 15:7 : Parties15-103
- § 15:8 : Stipulations, Discovery, and Settlements15-103
- § 15:8.1 : Stipulations15-103
- § 15:8.2 : Discovery15-110
- [A] : Timing of Discovery15-111
- [B] : Informal Discovery Request15-111
- [C] : Interrogatories15-112
- [D] : Requests for Production15-113
- [E] : Requests for Admission15-113
- [F] : Evidentiary Depositions15-113
- [G] : Depositions15-114
- [G][1] : Depositions Upon Consent of the Parties15-115
- [G][2] : Depositions Without Consent of the Parties, Including Nonparty Witnesses, Party Witnesses, and Expert Witnesses15-116
- [G][3] : Deposition of an Expert Witness for Other Than Discovery Purposes15-117
- [H] : Deposition After Commencement of Trial15-117
- [I] : Discovery of Experts15-117
- [I][1] : Interrogatories15-118
- [I][2] : Deposition15-118
- [I][3] : Expert Witness Reports15-119
- [J] : Motion for Protective Order15-119
- [K] : Motion for Continuance15-120
- § 15:8.3 : Settlement15-121
- [A] : Settlements by Appeals15-122
- [B] : Settlements by Counsel15-124
- [C] : Tax Court Mediation and Voluntary Binding Arbitration15-125
- § 15:9 : Trial15-129
- § 15:9.1 : Place of Trial15-129
- § 15:9.2 : Evidence15-129
- § 15:9.3 : Burden of Proof15-131
- [A] : Burden on the Taxpayer: In General15-131
- [B] : Burden on the Commissioner: Taxpayer Bill of Rights 315-133
- § 15:9.4 : Courtroom Procedures15-141
- [A] : Calendar Call15-141
- [B] : Trial15-143
- § 15:10 : Trial Memoranda and Briefs15-147
- § 15:10.1 : In General15-147
- § 15:10.2 : Form and Content15-150
- § 15:11 : Decision of the Court15-151
- § 15:12 : Proceedings After Trial15-152
- § 15:13 : Small Tax Cases15-155
- § 15:14 : Tax Refund Claims and Suits15-157
- § 15:14.1 : Administrative Processing of a Tax Refund Claim15-159
- § 15:14.2 : Requirements for a Tax Refund Claim15-160
- [A] : Timely Claim for Refund15-160
- [B] : Proper Claim for Refund15-162
- § 15:14.3 : Formal Claim for Refund15-164
- § 15:14.4 : Informal Claim for Refund15-180
- § 15:14.5 : Protective Claim for Refund15-188
- § 15:15 : Tentative Carryback Adjustments15-190
- § 15:16 : Joint Committee Review15-192
- § 15:16.1 : Suspending the Statute of Limitations During Period of Disability15-195
- [A] : Statements Required to Claim Financial Disability15-198
- § 15:16.2 : Two Types of Refund Suits15-199
- § 15:16.3 : Jurisdiction for Tax Refund Suits15-201
- [A] : Full Payment15-201
- [B] : Payment Versus Deposit15-202
- [C] : Timely Claim for Refund15-204
- [D] : Proper Claim for Refund15-204
- [E] : Timely Refund Suit: Notice of Claim Disallowance15-204
- § 15:16.4 : Tax Refund Complaint15-205
- [A] : Form of the Complaint15-206
- [B] : Request for Jury Trial15-206
- [C] : Government’s Answer and Counterclaim15-206
- [D] : Burden of Proof15-206
- [E] : Judgment and Appeals15-207
- § 15:17 : Reduction of Refund for Nontax Debt15-207
- § 15:18 : Refund Proceedings Involving Divisible Taxes and IRS Levies15-209
- § 15:19 : Waiving Right to Sue the United States15-211
- § 15:20 : Erroneous Refunds and Credits15-211
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Chapter 16: |
The Collection Process |
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- § 16:1 : Authority16-6
- § 16:1.1 : Taxpayer Bill of Rights16-9
- § 16:1.2 : Statute of Limitations Generally Not to Be Extended16-11
- § 16:1.3 : Approval Process for Liens, Levies, and Seizures16-15
- § 16:2 : Notice and Demand16-16
- § 16:3 : Disclosure of Collection Activity with Respect to Joint Returns16-18
- § 16:3.1 : Explanation of Joint and Several Liability16-18
- § 16:3.2 : Separate Notice to Each Filer16-19
- § 16:4 : Federal Tax Liens—When Your Client Cannot Pay in Full16-19
- § 16:4.1 : Notice and Hearing Requirement—Taxpayer Bill of Rights 3 and Collection Due Process16-23
- [A] : Notice16-23
- [B] : Timely Written Request Requirement for Appeals Office Hearing16-25
- [C] : One Hearing Only Rule16-28
- [D] : Prohibition of “Prior Involvement”16-30
- [E] : Conduct of the Hearing16-30
- [F] : Verification by Appeals Officer and Issues Taxpayer May Raise (Including Spousal Defenses)16-35
- [G] : Determination by Appeals Officer16-38
- [H] : Notice of Determination16-39
- [I] : Subsequent Judicial Review16-40
- [J] : Retained Jurisdiction by Appeals and Changed Circumstances of the Taxpayer16-43
- [K] : Statute of Limitations Suspended16-44
- [L] : Enforcement Action During Suspension of Statute of Limitations16-45
- [M] : Hearings Combined16-46
- [N] : Equivalent Hearing16-46
- [O] : Effective Date16-49
- § 16:5 : Period of Tax Lien16-49
- § 16:6 : Property to Which the Federal Tax Lien Attaches16-50
- § 16:6.1 : Real Property16-50
- § 16:6.2 : Personal Property16-50
- § 16:6.3 : Forms of Ownership16-51
- [A] : Individual16-51
- [B] : Joint Tenancy16-51
- [C] : Tenants in Common16-52
- [D] : Tenancy by the Entirety16-53
- [E] : Community Property16-54
- [F] : Trusts16-55
- [G] : Partnerships and Joint Ventures16-57
- [H] : Terminable Interests16-60
- [I] : Property in the Custody of a Court16-60
- [J] : Property Held By Third Parties16-60
- § 16:7 : Filing Notice of Tax Lien and Priority of Liens16-63
- § 16:7.1 : Place of Filing Notice of Tax Lien16-64
- § 16:7.2 : Priority of the Federal Tax Lien16-65
- [A] : Priority Before the Federal Tax Lien Arises16-66
- [B] : Priority After the Federal Tax Lien Arises but Before an NFTL Is Filed16-69
- [C] : Priority After the Federal Tax Lien Arises and After an NFTL Is Filed: THE SUPERPRIORITIES16-74
- § 16:7.3 : Securities16-74
- § 16:7.4 : Motor Vehicles16-75
- § 16:7.5 : Personal Property Purchased at Retail16-75
- § 16:7.6 : Personal Property Purchased in Casual Sale16-76
- § 16:7.7 : Personal Property Subject to Possessory Lien16-76
- § 16:7.8 : Real Property Tax and Special Assessment Lien16-76
- § 16:7.9 : Residential Property Subject to a Mechanic’s Lien (Certain Repairs and Improvements)16-77
- § 16:7.10 : Attorneys’ Liens16-77
- § 16:7.11 : Certain Insurance Contracts16-78
- § 16:7.12 : Passbook Loans16-78
- § 16:7.13 : Purchase Money Security Interests16-79
- § 16:7.14 : Commercial Transaction Financing Agreements16-79
- § 16:7.15 : Real Property Construction or Improvement Financing Agreement16-81
- § 16:7.16 : Obligatory Disbursement Agreement16-82
- § 16:7.17 : Section 6323(d)16-82
- § 16:7.18 : Withdrawal of Certain Notices16-83
- § 16:8 : Tax Liens and Bankruptcy16-87
- § 16:9 : Special Liens for Estate and Gift Taxes16-88
- § 16:9.1 : Liens for Estate Taxes16-88
- § 16:9.2 : Liens for Gift Taxes16-88
- § 16:9.3 : Exceptions to Special Estate Tax Liens16-89
- § 16:10 : Preventing the IRS from Filing the Notice of Tax Lien or Securing Its Release16-89
- § 16:10.1 : Release of Lien16-91
- § 16:10.2 : Liability Satisfied or Unenforceable16-91
- § 16:10.3 : Bond Accepted16-92
- § 16:10.4 : Discharge of Property16-92
- [A] : Property Double the Amount of Liability16-92
- [B] : Part Payment16-92
- [C] : Interest of United States Valueless16-92
- [D] : Substitution of Proceeds of Sale16-93
- § 16:10.5 : Subordination of Lien16-93
- § 16:10.6 : Nonattachment of Lien16-93
- § 16:10.7 : Administrative Appeal of Erroneously Filed Lien16-94
- § 16:10.8 : Civil Action for Failure to Release Lien16-96
- § 16:10.9 : Third Parties Provided with Procedure for Release of Erroneously Filed Lien16-98
- § 16:11 : Levy and Distraint16-101
- § 16:11.1 : Continuous Levies and the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 and the IRS Restructuring and Reform Act of 199816-102
- § 16:11.2 : Release of Levy16-104
- [A] : Return of Property—Statutory Scheme16-106
- [B] : Return of Property—Regulatory Scheme16-106
- [B][1] : In General16-106
- [B][2] : Return of Levied upon Property in Possession of IRS Pending Sale Under Section 633516-107
- [B][3] : Conditions Authorizing Return of Property16-107
- [B][4] : Best Interests of the United States and the Taxpayer to Release Levy and Return of Property Where Levy Made in Violation of Law16-109
- [B][5] : Time of Return16-110
- [B][6] : Purchase by the United States16-110
- [B][7] : Determinations by the Commissioner16-110
- [B][8] : Procedures for Request for the Return of Property16-111
- [B][9] : No Interest16-111
- [B][10] : Administrative Collection upon Default16-111
- [B][11] : Effective Date16-112
- § 16:11.3 : Prerequisites for a Valid Levy—Taxpayer Bill of Rights 116-112
- § 16:11.4 : Prerequisites for a Valid Levy—Taxpayer Bill of Rights 3 and Collection Due Process (and Related Matters)16-114
- [A] : Notice16-115
- [B] : Timely Written Request Requirement for Appeals Office Hearing16-117
- [C] : One Hearing Only Rule16-120
- [D] : Prohibition of “Prior Involvement”16-122
- [E] : Conduct of the Hearing16-124
- [E][1] : In General16-124
- [E][2] : Face-to-Face Meetings—Former Regulations16-124
- [E][3] : Face-to-Face Meetings—Present Regulations16-131
- [E][4] : Miscellaneous Matters16-134
- [F] : Verification by Appeals Officer and Issues Taxpayer May Raise (Including Spousal Defenses)16-135
- [G] : Determination by Appeals Officer16-146
- [H] : Notice of Determination16-147
- [I] : Subsequent Judicial Review16-148
- [J] : Retained Jurisdiction by Appeals and Changed Circumstances of Taxpayer16-169
- [K] : Statute of Limitations Suspended16-171
- [L] : Enforcement Action During Suspension of Statute of Limitations16-171
- [M] : Hearings Combined16-173
- [N] : Equivalent Hearing16-173
- [O] : Jeopardy, State Tax Refund, and Disqualified Employment Tax Levy Exceptions16-177
- [P] : Offers in Compromise and Installment Agreements16-179
- [Q] : Administrative Procedures Codified16-180
- [R] : Frivolous Requests for Hearing16-180
- [S] : Effective Date16-180
- § 16:12 : Property Exempt from Levy16-182
- § 16:12.1 : Wearing Apparel and School Books16-182
- § 16:12.2 : Fuel, Provisions, Furniture, and Personal Effects16-182
- § 16:12.3 : Books and Tools of the Trade16-183
- § 16:12.4 : Unemployment Benefits16-183
- § 16:12.5 : Undelivered Mail16-184
- § 16:12.6 : Certain Annuities and Pension Payments16-184
- § 16:12.7 : Workers’ Compensation16-184
- § 16:12.8 : Judgments for Support of Minor Children16-184
- § 16:12.9 : Minimum Exemptions for Wages, Salary, and Other Income16-185
- § 16:12.10 : Certain Service Connected Disability Payments16-186
- § 16:12.11 : Additional Property Exempt from Levy16-186
- § 16:13 : Continuous Levies Authorized16-190
- § 16:13.1 : Federal Payment Levy Program16-191
- § 16:14 : Sale of Seized Property16-192
- § 16:14.1 : IRS Record-Keeping Rules16-195
- § 16:15 : Civil Suits by the Government16-196
- § 16:15.1 : Taxpayer and Third-Party Suits to Restrain Collection16-197
- § 16:16 : Solutions to Collection Problems—Installment Agreements, Offers in Compromise, and Taxpayer Assistance Orders16-200
- § 16:16.1 : Installment Agreements16-201
- [A] : Introduction16-201
- [B] : Typical Forms16-201
- [C] : General Considerations16-201
- [D] : Taxpayer Bill of Rights 1 and 2—Installment Agreements Authorized and Appeals Office Review Available16-204
- [E] : Installment Agreements as a Right—Taxpayer Bill of Rights 3 (“Guaranteed Installment Agreements”)16-205
- [F] : Streamlined Installment Agreements16-206
- [G] : Collection Information Statements and Necessary Expenses for “Regular” Installment Agreements—National Standards, Local Standards, and Other Various Expenses16-207
- [H] : Full Payment in Five Years Rule16-213
- [I] : Eliminating Excessive Expenses Within One Year16-213
- [J] : Business Taxpayers16-214
- [K] : Appeal Rights16-215
- [L] : Installment Agreement User Fees16-216
- [M] : Failure to Pay Penalty Cut in Half16-216
- [N] : Annual Statements to Taxpayers16-216
- [O] : Levy Restrictions16-217
- [P] : Partial Installment Agreements16-221
- [Q] : Online Payment Agreement Application16-221
- [R] : Multi-Functional Installment Agreements16-223
- [S] : Federal and State Installment Agreements16-224
- § 16:16.2 : Offers in Compromise16-225
- [A] : In General16-227
- [B] : Grounds for Compromise16-227
- [C] : Special Rules for Evaluating Offers to Compromise16-230
- [D] : Procedures for Submission and Consideration of Offers16-235
- [E] : Acceptance of Offer to Compromise Tax Liability16-237
- [F] : Rejection of Offer to Compromise and Appeals16-239
- [G] : Effect of Offer to Compromise on Collection Activity16-240
- [H] : Deposits16-242
- [I] : Statute of Limitations16-242
- [J] : Inspection16-242
- [K] : Effective Date16-243
- [L] : Fixed Monthly Payment Option and Relief from Accrued Interest16-243
- [M] : Default16-244
- [N] : User Fees16-244
- [O] : Partial Payment Requirement, User Fees, Miscellaneous Rules, and Frivolous Submissions16-246
- § 16:16.3 : Taxpayer Assistance Orders16-247
- § 16:17 : Payment of Tax by Commercially Acceptable Means16-249
- § 16:18 : Civil Damages for Certain Unauthorized Collection Actions16-249
- § 16:18.1 : Third Parties May Recover Damages for Unauthorized Collection Actions16-254
- § 16:19 : Fair Tax Collection Practices Imposed on IRS16-255
- § 16:20 : Checks to Be Paid to the U.S. Treasury16-257
- § 16:21 : Practitioner Priority Service (PPS) for Tax Professionals16-257
- § 16:21.1 : PPS—In General16-257
- § 16:21.2 : Types of Assistance Offered by PPS16-258
- § 16:21.3 : Hints for Improving PPS Experience16-259
- § 16:21.4 : Tips for Calling PPS16-259
- § 16:21.5 : What Practitioners Should Have on Hand When Calling PPS on an Automated Collection System Account (ACS)16-261
- § 16:21.6 : What Practitioners Should Expect When Calling PPS for an ACS Account16-262
- § 16:22 : E-Services for Tax Practitioners16-263
- § 16:22.1 : Disclosure Authorization16-263
- § 16:22.2 : Electronic Account Resolution16-263
- § 16:22.3 : Transcript Delivery System16-263
- § 16:22.4 : Income Verification Express Service (IVES) Program16-264
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Chapter 17: |
Recovering Attorney Fees: Section 7430 of the Code and Related Matters |
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- § 17:1 : Introduction17-2
- § 17:2 : In General17-3
- § 17:3 : Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies17-5
- § 17:3.1 : Requirements17-5
- § 17:3.2 : Revocation of Tax Exempt Status17-10
- § 17:3.3 : Actions Involving Summonses, Levies, Liens, Jeopardy, and Termination Assessments17-12
- § 17:3.4 : Exception to Requirement to Exhaust Administrative Remedies17-13
- § 17:3.5 : Examples17-14
- § 17:4 : Only Costs Allocable to the United States17-18
- § 17:5 : Pre-Taxpayer Bill of Rights 2: Exclusion of Declaratory Judgment Proceedings17-18
- § 17:6 : Costs Denied Where Prevailing Party Protracts Proceedings17-18
- § 17:6.1 : Administrative Proceeding Defined17-19
- § 17:7 : Reasonable Litigation and Administrative Costs Defined17-20
- § 17:7.1 : Reasonable Litigation Costs17-20
- § 17:7.2 : Hourly Cap: “Special Factor” and “Limited Availability”17-24
- [A] : Taxpayer Bill of Rights 3: Expansion of the “Special Factor”17-33
- [B] : Taxpayer Bill of Rights 3: Attorney Fees Recoverable When Pro Bono Services Rendered17-34
- § 17:7.3 : Reasonable Administrative Costs17-34
- § 17:8 : “Prevailing Party” Defined: Pre-Taxpayer Bill of Rights 2: Burden on the Taxpayer17-35
- § 17:8.1 : Substantially Justified17-35
- § 17:9 : “Prevailing Party” Defined: Taxpayer Bill of Rights 2 and 3 and the “Qualified Offer”17-36
- § 17:9.1 : Final Regulations and the Qualified Offer Rule17-38
- [A] : In General17-38
- [B] : Requirements for Treatment As a Prevailing Party Based upon Having Made a Qualified Offer17-39
- [B][1] : In General17-39
- [B][2] : Liability Under the Last Qualified Offer17-41
- [B][3] : Liability Pursuant to the Judgment17-41
- [C] : Qualified Offer Defined17-42
- [C][1] : In General17-42
- [C][2] : To the United States17-43
- [C][3] : Specifies the Offered Amount17-44
- [C][4] : Designated at the Time It Is Made As a Qualified Offer17-45
- [C][5] : Remains Open17-47
- [C][6] : Last Qualified Offer17-47
- [C][7] : Qualified Offer Period17-47
- [D] : Examples17-48
- [E] : Effective Date17-56
- § 17:9.2 : Substantially Justified: Burden of Proof Shifts to the IRS17-56
- [A] : Is the Internal Revenue Manual “Published Guidance”?17-65
- § 17:9.3 : When the IRS Has Lost in Other Circuits: Taxpayer Bill of Rights 317-68
- § 17:10 : Manner of Determining Who Is the Prevailing Party17-69
- § 17:11 : “Position of the United States” Defined17-70
- § 17:12 : Multiple Actions17-71
- § 17:13 : Right of Appeal17-72
- § 17:14 : Timing17-72
- § 17:15 : Net Worth Requirements17-73
- § 17:16 : Section 6673 and Rule 1117-75
- § 17:17 : Reporting of Certain Payments17-77
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Table of Authorities |
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Index |
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